Saturday, March 31, 2012
Human Biology Ch.1.1 The human body is complex
How is the human body like a city?
-The skeletal system, like the framework of a building, provides support.
-The digestive system works with the respiratory system to provide energy and materials.
The five levels of organization in our body are:
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism. The individual cell captures and releases energy, uses materials, and grows.
* The cells are specialized for complex organisms.
Specialized cells perform specific jobs.
Cells must be organized in a tissue and human body contains several types of tissues.
Four main groups of tissues are classified into their function: Epithelial tissue, nerve tissue, muscle tissue, and connective tissue.
•Epithelial tissue: Covers all of the inner and outer surfaces of body.
•Nerve tissue: Carry electrical impulses between brain and the various parts of body in response to changing conditions. (messaging system)
•Muscle tissue: functions in movement. (muscle cells contract, or shorten, and then relax)
•Connective tissue: functions to hold parts of the body together. Provides support, protection, strength, padding, and insulation. (ex. Tendons & ligaments hold bones and muscles together.)
A structure that is made up of two or more types of tissue that work together to carry out a function in the body. Organ system is a group of organs that together perform a function that helps the body meet its needs for energy and materials.
The body’s systems interact with one another. The body’s many levels of organization, from cells to organ systems, work constantly to maintain the balance needed for the survival of the organism. The ability of your body to maintain internal conditions is called homeostasis.
Friday, March 30, 2012
S.S. Ch.5 Lesson 1
Egypt and Nubia developed political, cultural, and commercial relationships.
Like the Egyptians, the Nubians depended on the Nile, although cataracts made travel on the upper Nile difficult.
Nubia stretched from southern border of Egypt to the city of Khartoum in Sudan
Egypt and Nubia were neighbors so they shared ideas, customs, and commercial, political, and cultural relationships.
However, the two lands were very different in geograpghy The Nubians were pastoral nomads who herded cattle.
Many Nubians turned such resources as gold and clay into jewelry, pottery, and other valuable trade items.
Nubia had plenty of copper, gold, granite, iron, and clay Nubians used pottery for numerous purposes In time, it became of fine quality and so they became valuable trade items Nubia imported goods from the south and exported them to the north. Egyptians wanted to control Nubian trade routes, so they annexed northern Nubia. Nubia’s location made it an ideal place for trade They imported from the south Leopard skins, ostrich eggs, Feathers, Ivory, Ebony, Spices, gold Nubia exported these items to the north because it was in great demand in southwest Asia The Egyptians wanted to control Nubia’s trade routes because they were rich with gold. Egyptians used Nubian gold to build statues and decorations They began looting Nubia’s natural resources In 2000 B.C., the Egyptian king annexed northern Nubia By annexing Nubia, the Egyptians gained Nubian resources and Nubian soldiers Egyptians used Nubian gold lavishley to construct statues and decorations; they used Nubian granite for statues and buildings A powerful new kingdom arose in southern Nubia. It gained independence and drove out the Egyptians. Its capital and center of trade was Kerma.
Later, Egyptians regained control of much Nubia. Kush Kingdom of Kerma Regained independence from Egypt Kerma became a major center for trade Gold, salt, spices, elephant tusks, and rhinoceros horns This trade made Kerma wealthy Kushite kings gained control of northern Nubia, while the Hyksos controlled northern Egypt To protect their kingdom from invasion, the Kushite king became an ally of the Hyksos Egyptians forced Hyksos back to soutwestern Asia and then destroyed Kerma Following military success, Egyptians controlled much of Nubia as far as the 4th cataract The pharaoh created a position “King’s son of Kush” Many Kushites adopted Egyptian religious beliefs, writing, customs, and ways of dressing.
Like the Egyptians, the Nubians depended on the Nile, although cataracts made travel on the upper Nile difficult.
Nubia stretched from southern border of Egypt to the city of Khartoum in Sudan
Egypt and Nubia were neighbors so they shared ideas, customs, and commercial, political, and cultural relationships.
However, the two lands were very different in geograpghy The Nubians were pastoral nomads who herded cattle.
Many Nubians turned such resources as gold and clay into jewelry, pottery, and other valuable trade items.
Nubia had plenty of copper, gold, granite, iron, and clay Nubians used pottery for numerous purposes In time, it became of fine quality and so they became valuable trade items Nubia imported goods from the south and exported them to the north. Egyptians wanted to control Nubian trade routes, so they annexed northern Nubia. Nubia’s location made it an ideal place for trade They imported from the south Leopard skins, ostrich eggs, Feathers, Ivory, Ebony, Spices, gold Nubia exported these items to the north because it was in great demand in southwest Asia The Egyptians wanted to control Nubia’s trade routes because they were rich with gold. Egyptians used Nubian gold to build statues and decorations They began looting Nubia’s natural resources In 2000 B.C., the Egyptian king annexed northern Nubia By annexing Nubia, the Egyptians gained Nubian resources and Nubian soldiers Egyptians used Nubian gold lavishley to construct statues and decorations; they used Nubian granite for statues and buildings A powerful new kingdom arose in southern Nubia. It gained independence and drove out the Egyptians. Its capital and center of trade was Kerma.
Later, Egyptians regained control of much Nubia. Kush Kingdom of Kerma Regained independence from Egypt Kerma became a major center for trade Gold, salt, spices, elephant tusks, and rhinoceros horns This trade made Kerma wealthy Kushite kings gained control of northern Nubia, while the Hyksos controlled northern Egypt To protect their kingdom from invasion, the Kushite king became an ally of the Hyksos Egyptians forced Hyksos back to soutwestern Asia and then destroyed Kerma Following military success, Egyptians controlled much of Nubia as far as the 4th cataract The pharaoh created a position “King’s son of Kush” Many Kushites adopted Egyptian religious beliefs, writing, customs, and ways of dressing.
Wednesday, March 21, 2012
S.S. Ch.4 Lesson 4
During the New Kingdom, Egyptian kings took the title of pharoh, and the Egyptian Empire reached its greatest size.
—The New Kingdom began in 1552 B.C., with the rule of Dynasty 18
—Pharoh means “great house”
—Power of pharoh was based on gold because Egyptians believed the gods flesh was made of gold
—Egypt conquered parts of Nubia, which was rich on gold
—Nubia was also called Kush
Queen Hatshepsut
one of few woman to rule Demanded all conquered lands to pay tribute in exchange for protection Set out trading expeditions across the Red Sea They returned with animal skins, myrrh trees, ebony, and gold
Thutmose III
Reached greatest size under Thutmose III By 1450 B.C., Egypt controlled lands from the 4th cataract in Nubia to the Euphrates River in southwestern Asia They built the largest temple, the temple of Amon-Ra at Karnak. —
Amenhotep IV and his wife, Nefertiti
brought change to Egypt Abandoned the worship of Egyptian gods except one, Aton (god of the sun) Amenhotep was so devoted he changed his name to Akhenaton, “servant of the Aton” Changed capital city to Akhetaten
—After Akhenaton’s death, advisor’s for Tutankhaton pressured him to restore old Egyptian gods and changed his name to Tutankhamen, or “living image of Amon”
Ramses the Great
During his power, he… Defended Egypt and made it prosperous Fought the Hittites Built magnificent temples
Egyptian society followed a structure similar to that of a pyramid. The pharoh was at the top. Below were the royal family, priests, and nobles. Next were craftworkers, scribes, and merchants. The largest class included farmers and unskilled workers. Slaves were at the bottom of society. Art, literature, and architecture were important in ancient Egypt.
Most of the monumental architecture that remains today was built of stone, although the main construction material for other buildings was mud and brick.
—Pyramids, temples, and government buildings were built of stone.
—Other buildings such as houses were built of mud brick
—Over time, ruler’s stopped building pyramids because they were too expensive to build.
As a result, they pharohs and their families, and wealthy nobles were buried in tombs cut into rock walls.
—Temples such as those at Luxor and Karnak took centuries to build. Most Egyptian temples followed a similar design. Long path lined with sphinxes leading to a gate Through the gates was a courtyard, and led to a long hall that represented the “swamp of creation.”
—Most Egyptian art was very formal
—Many tomb painting showed dancing and music(instruments)
—The New Kingdom began in 1552 B.C., with the rule of Dynasty 18
—Pharoh means “great house”
—Power of pharoh was based on gold because Egyptians believed the gods flesh was made of gold
—Egypt conquered parts of Nubia, which was rich on gold
—Nubia was also called Kush
Queen Hatshepsut
one of few woman to rule Demanded all conquered lands to pay tribute in exchange for protection Set out trading expeditions across the Red Sea They returned with animal skins, myrrh trees, ebony, and gold
Thutmose III
Reached greatest size under Thutmose III By 1450 B.C., Egypt controlled lands from the 4th cataract in Nubia to the Euphrates River in southwestern Asia They built the largest temple, the temple of Amon-Ra at Karnak. —
Amenhotep IV and his wife, Nefertiti
brought change to Egypt Abandoned the worship of Egyptian gods except one, Aton (god of the sun) Amenhotep was so devoted he changed his name to Akhenaton, “servant of the Aton” Changed capital city to Akhetaten
—After Akhenaton’s death, advisor’s for Tutankhaton pressured him to restore old Egyptian gods and changed his name to Tutankhamen, or “living image of Amon”
Ramses the Great
During his power, he… Defended Egypt and made it prosperous Fought the Hittites Built magnificent temples
Egyptian society followed a structure similar to that of a pyramid. The pharoh was at the top. Below were the royal family, priests, and nobles. Next were craftworkers, scribes, and merchants. The largest class included farmers and unskilled workers. Slaves were at the bottom of society. Art, literature, and architecture were important in ancient Egypt.
Most of the monumental architecture that remains today was built of stone, although the main construction material for other buildings was mud and brick.
—Pyramids, temples, and government buildings were built of stone.
—Other buildings such as houses were built of mud brick
—Over time, ruler’s stopped building pyramids because they were too expensive to build.
As a result, they pharohs and their families, and wealthy nobles were buried in tombs cut into rock walls.
—Temples such as those at Luxor and Karnak took centuries to build. Most Egyptian temples followed a similar design. Long path lined with sphinxes leading to a gate Through the gates was a courtyard, and led to a long hall that represented the “swamp of creation.”
—Most Egyptian art was very formal
—Many tomb painting showed dancing and music(instruments)
Sunday, March 18, 2012
Sunday, March 11, 2012
S.S. Ch.4 Lesson 3
Civil war- war between two groups in the same place
Famine- food shortages
Cost-benefit analysis- to determine whether the economic benefit of doing something is worth the risk
The Middle Kingdom began with the reuniting of Egypt after a civil war and was a time of stability and growth.
-At the end of the Old Kingdom, around 2181 B.C., difficulty struck the Egyptians
¬ Wars
¬ Famines
¬ Division of Egypt
¬ Dynasty 12 is considered the high point of the Middle Kingdom
¬ Dynasty 12 began when vizier Amenemhet from Lower Egypt became king
¬ Amenemhet and rulers following him conquered all of northern Nubia
What did Amenemhet do?
¬ Set up chains of forts
¬ Built Walls of Prince, a series of forts
¬ Undertook massive building projects
¬ Built more irrigation canals
¬ Built more temples and pyramids to honor the dead
¬ Built the Labyrinth
Other advances in art and literature were made in the Middle Kingdom
¬ Wall-painting
¬ Jewelry making
¬ Literature about religion and everyday life
Trade
Egypt had plenty of grains, minerals, and semi precious stones to trade but lacked wood and copper
Syria
¬ Brought silver
Sinai Peninsula
¬ Brought copper and turquoise
Lebanon
¬ Brought cedar and pinewood
Southern Nubia
¬ Gold, ebony(dark wood), ivory, and incense
Dangers of trade along land routes
¬ Traveled 10 miles a day along desert
¬ Traders faced robbers and sandstorms
Dangers of trade along sea routes
¬ Traveled faster imposed dangers of pirates
¬ Strong waves and rough winds were dangerous
Overcoming dangers brought wealth
In the end, trade was necessary because Egypt lacked some resources
A Time of Invasion
After Dynasty 12,
Egypt faced attacks from invaders.
In time, people from southwestern Asia
called the Hyksos conquered
Lower Egypt, bringing the
Middle Kingdom to an end.
Things began to fall apart after Dynasty 12.
¬ The government was weak
¬ Dynasty 13 had as many as 70 rulers
Hyksos(rulers of foreign lands), from southwestern Asia crossed over to Egypt
Hyksos tore Egypt apart
The Hyksos had superior military technology
¬ Horse-drawn chariots
¬ Body armor
¬ Stronger bow
The Hyksos conquered Lower Egypt and ruled for about 100 years establishing Dynasty 15
Only Egyptian rulers remained power in Upper Egypt
The Hyksos brought cultural exchanges to Egypt
¬ Superior weapons
¬ Horses
¬ Upright looms
¬ Musical instruments (the lyre and the lute)
The Egyptians declared war regained power and drove the Hyksos back to southwestern Asia
Famine- food shortages
Cost-benefit analysis- to determine whether the economic benefit of doing something is worth the risk
The Middle Kingdom began with the reuniting of Egypt after a civil war and was a time of stability and growth.
-At the end of the Old Kingdom, around 2181 B.C., difficulty struck the Egyptians
¬ Wars
¬ Famines
¬ Division of Egypt
¬ Dynasty 12 is considered the high point of the Middle Kingdom
¬ Dynasty 12 began when vizier Amenemhet from Lower Egypt became king
¬ Amenemhet and rulers following him conquered all of northern Nubia
What did Amenemhet do?
¬ Set up chains of forts
¬ Built Walls of Prince, a series of forts
¬ Undertook massive building projects
¬ Built more irrigation canals
¬ Built more temples and pyramids to honor the dead
¬ Built the Labyrinth
Other advances in art and literature were made in the Middle Kingdom
¬ Wall-painting
¬ Jewelry making
¬ Literature about religion and everyday life
Trade
Egypt had plenty of grains, minerals, and semi precious stones to trade but lacked wood and copper
Syria
¬ Brought silver
Sinai Peninsula
¬ Brought copper and turquoise
Lebanon
¬ Brought cedar and pinewood
Southern Nubia
¬ Gold, ebony(dark wood), ivory, and incense
Dangers of trade along land routes
¬ Traveled 10 miles a day along desert
¬ Traders faced robbers and sandstorms
Dangers of trade along sea routes
¬ Traveled faster imposed dangers of pirates
¬ Strong waves and rough winds were dangerous
Overcoming dangers brought wealth
In the end, trade was necessary because Egypt lacked some resources
A Time of Invasion
After Dynasty 12,
Egypt faced attacks from invaders.
In time, people from southwestern Asia
called the Hyksos conquered
Lower Egypt, bringing the
Middle Kingdom to an end.
Things began to fall apart after Dynasty 12.
¬ The government was weak
¬ Dynasty 13 had as many as 70 rulers
Hyksos(rulers of foreign lands), from southwestern Asia crossed over to Egypt
Hyksos tore Egypt apart
The Hyksos had superior military technology
¬ Horse-drawn chariots
¬ Body armor
¬ Stronger bow
The Hyksos conquered Lower Egypt and ruled for about 100 years establishing Dynasty 15
Only Egyptian rulers remained power in Upper Egypt
The Hyksos brought cultural exchanges to Egypt
¬ Superior weapons
¬ Horses
¬ Upright looms
¬ Musical instruments (the lyre and the lute)
The Egyptians declared war regained power and drove the Hyksos back to southwestern Asia
Saturday, March 10, 2012
S.S. Ch.4 Lesson 2
Egypt Unites
About 3,100 B.C, King Narmer united Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. This began the Egyptian period that historians now call the Old Kingdom. It was a time when the Egyptians believed that their kings were living gods. This belief helped unify the people, and it also allowed the kings to maintain their authority.
¨3,100 B.C., King Narmer(believed to be King Menes) conquered Lower Egypt
He united the two lands and built Memphis as the new capital
¨This union established the first nation-state
¨King Narmer’s rule marks Egypt’s first dynasty, or Dynasty 1
¨A dynasty is a series of rulers from the same family
¨About 31 dynasties ruled Egypt over more than 3,000 years
the dynasties are divided into three kingdoms
the Old Kingdom
the Middle Kingdom
the New Kingdom
¨The Egyptians believed the kings were living gods, acting as the connection between the gods and the people of Egypt
¨Their beliefs unified the Egyptian people but also allowed the kings to maintain their authority
¨The king controlled both the economy and government
¨The vizier carried out king’s orders
¨Other officials collected taxes, planned building projects and made sure the laws were obeyed
¨Members of the royal family held highest public officials
¨Beginning in Dynasty 5, many helped the king rule by acting as monarchs, or governors, who ruled areas called nomes
¨Ancient Egypt was divided into 42 nomes
Written Forms of Language
The Egyptians may have borrowed the idea of writing from the Sumerians. The Egyptians developed a writing system that used hieroglyphs in about 3,100 B.C.
¨3,100 B.C.-
Egyptians use picture symbols for writing called hieroglyphs
Hieroglyphs had more than 700 symbols
Each glyph represented a sound, an object, or an idea
Hieroglyphic means “holy carvings”
It was used mostly for religious reasons
Scribes-
Carved hieroglyphs on walls of temples, tombs, and palaces
Recorded government information, royal ceremonies, tax collecting, and even the depth of the Nile
Papyrus
Pressed strips from the stalk of the papyrus plant, a reed that grows in marshy areas
Scribes wrote on papyrus with tools made from reeds sharpened to a point
Soot, the fine black powder from smoke, was mixed with water to serve as ink.
For Egyptians, a “book” was a scroll
Building the Pyramids
¨The pyramids served as tombs for Egyptian rulers
¨2,600 B.C., King Zoser of Dynasty 3 became the first king to be buried in a stone pyramid, the Step Pyramid at Saqqara
¨The pyramid shape is identified with the sun god, Ra
¨Great Pyramid of Giza
Best known pyramid of Egypt
Built for King Khufu
Completed about 2,566 B.C.
480 feet(146.3 meters) high and made of 2.3 million stones weighing about 2.5 tons (2,268 kgs)
King Khufu’s son, King Khafre ordered the building of the other two pyramids at Giza and the building of the Sphinx
The pyramids help us understand the relationship between social and political order in early Egyptian society. As godlike rulers, the kings were able to use huge amounts of Egypt’s resources and the whole society to build pyramids
Preparing for the Afterlife
¨Egyptians believed in the afterlife and so they developed ways to preserve bodies
¨
¨Book of the Dead
nexplains the weighing of the heart
nThey believed the soul of a dead person appeared before Osiris and a group of judges
nJudges weighed the heart on a scale with a feather.
nIf the two balanced, the person earned life forever
nIf the heart was heavy, they were eaten by monsters
¨They were able to decipher the Book of the Dead after discovering the Rosetta Stone.
About 3,100 B.C, King Narmer united Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. This began the Egyptian period that historians now call the Old Kingdom. It was a time when the Egyptians believed that their kings were living gods. This belief helped unify the people, and it also allowed the kings to maintain their authority.
¨3,100 B.C., King Narmer(believed to be King Menes) conquered Lower Egypt
He united the two lands and built Memphis as the new capital
¨This union established the first nation-state
¨King Narmer’s rule marks Egypt’s first dynasty, or Dynasty 1
¨A dynasty is a series of rulers from the same family
¨About 31 dynasties ruled Egypt over more than 3,000 years
the dynasties are divided into three kingdoms
the Old Kingdom
the Middle Kingdom
the New Kingdom
¨The Egyptians believed the kings were living gods, acting as the connection between the gods and the people of Egypt
¨Their beliefs unified the Egyptian people but also allowed the kings to maintain their authority
¨The king controlled both the economy and government
¨The vizier carried out king’s orders
¨Other officials collected taxes, planned building projects and made sure the laws were obeyed
¨Members of the royal family held highest public officials
¨Beginning in Dynasty 5, many helped the king rule by acting as monarchs, or governors, who ruled areas called nomes
¨Ancient Egypt was divided into 42 nomes
Written Forms of Language
The Egyptians may have borrowed the idea of writing from the Sumerians. The Egyptians developed a writing system that used hieroglyphs in about 3,100 B.C.
¨3,100 B.C.-
Egyptians use picture symbols for writing called hieroglyphs
Hieroglyphs had more than 700 symbols
Each glyph represented a sound, an object, or an idea
Hieroglyphic means “holy carvings”
It was used mostly for religious reasons
Scribes-
Carved hieroglyphs on walls of temples, tombs, and palaces
Recorded government information, royal ceremonies, tax collecting, and even the depth of the Nile
Papyrus
Pressed strips from the stalk of the papyrus plant, a reed that grows in marshy areas
Scribes wrote on papyrus with tools made from reeds sharpened to a point
Soot, the fine black powder from smoke, was mixed with water to serve as ink.
For Egyptians, a “book” was a scroll
Building the Pyramids
¨The pyramids served as tombs for Egyptian rulers
¨2,600 B.C., King Zoser of Dynasty 3 became the first king to be buried in a stone pyramid, the Step Pyramid at Saqqara
¨The pyramid shape is identified with the sun god, Ra
¨Great Pyramid of Giza
Best known pyramid of Egypt
Built for King Khufu
Completed about 2,566 B.C.
480 feet(146.3 meters) high and made of 2.3 million stones weighing about 2.5 tons (2,268 kgs)
King Khufu’s son, King Khafre ordered the building of the other two pyramids at Giza and the building of the Sphinx
The pyramids help us understand the relationship between social and political order in early Egyptian society. As godlike rulers, the kings were able to use huge amounts of Egypt’s resources and the whole society to build pyramids
Preparing for the Afterlife
¨Egyptians believed in the afterlife and so they developed ways to preserve bodies
¨
¨Book of the Dead
nexplains the weighing of the heart
nThey believed the soul of a dead person appeared before Osiris and a group of judges
nJudges weighed the heart on a scale with a feather.
nIf the two balanced, the person earned life forever
nIf the heart was heavy, they were eaten by monsters
¨They were able to decipher the Book of the Dead after discovering the Rosetta Stone.
Friday, March 9, 2012
S.S. Ch.4 Lesson 1
The Land of the Nile
Each year, the receding flood waters of the Nile River deposited silt along the riverbank. This fertile soil made the Nile Delta and the Nile Valley the only areas in Egypt where wheat and barley could be grown.
-The longest river in the world
-4,160 miles long
-Lower Egypt, lies at the Nile’s mouth at the Mediterranean Sea
-Higher Egypt, lies at the south and runs for more than 600 miles through cataracts, or waterfalls
Controlling the River
Over time, the Egyptians developed agricultural techniques that gave them some control of the Nile. These techniques led to growing population along the Nile and the need for government.
The Nile was “the giver of life” but also took life
Sometimes, the rain was not enough to cause the Nile to overflow
-Crops dried up
-Egyptians starved
Sometimes, there was too much rain
-River flooded wildly
-Drowned people
-Drowned crops
To control the river, they:
*Built simple irrigation systems
*Built dams and dikes
*Stored water in ponds or pools
A Source of Religion
The flooding of the Nile influenced the early Egyptians to form religious beliefs
They created stories to explain events in nature
In the stories, gods or godesses controlled a specific part of nature.
Egyptians formed a polytheistic religion
Ra(RAH), pronounced Ra (RAY) -The sun god
Hapi -God of the flood
Egyptians thought that honoring Hapi would bring good harvests
Horus -The sky god
Osiris -God of the next world
Each city had one or more special gods
As city gained strength, the god became more important
Amon- belief in the city’s god
Egyptians combined Amon and Ra, considering Amon-Ra their most powerful god.
Toward Civilization
Surplus crops allowed early Egyptians to develop an advanced civilization. With surpluses, the Egyptians traveled along the Nile to trade for other sources. Trade and travel made it possible for some towns to grow into cities. Eventually, Egypt was made up of two kingdoms.
Early Egyptians began developing an advanced civilization
Built temples to worship gods
Built stone tombs to hold bodies of rulers
Used writing on temples and tombs
Made pottery depicting stories of their lives
Mined for copper to make tools and gold for decorative art
Farming made these advances possible.
They grew a surplus of wheat and barley
The made bread, which was the main part of their diet
The Sinai Peninsula was a crossroads for early Egyptians and traders from southwestern Asia
The Nile served as a “highway” connecting settlements
Because of their location near the rivers, they became expert ship builders
Ships were able to travel up and down the Nile river
Soon, the towns grew into cities.
Egypt grew into two kingdoms- Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt
The physical setting of the Nile River supported a permanent settlements and an early civilization in ancient Egypt. The Egyptians developed agricultural techniques, such as irrigation, along the Nile River. It was these techniques that permitted the Egyptians to grow surplus food. Over time, Egyptian trade in surpluses allowed the growth of cities.
Each year, the receding flood waters of the Nile River deposited silt along the riverbank. This fertile soil made the Nile Delta and the Nile Valley the only areas in Egypt where wheat and barley could be grown.
-The longest river in the world
-4,160 miles long
-Lower Egypt, lies at the Nile’s mouth at the Mediterranean Sea
-Higher Egypt, lies at the south and runs for more than 600 miles through cataracts, or waterfalls
Controlling the River
Over time, the Egyptians developed agricultural techniques that gave them some control of the Nile. These techniques led to growing population along the Nile and the need for government.
The Nile was “the giver of life” but also took life
Sometimes, the rain was not enough to cause the Nile to overflow
-Crops dried up
-Egyptians starved
Sometimes, there was too much rain
-River flooded wildly
-Drowned people
-Drowned crops
To control the river, they:
*Built simple irrigation systems
*Built dams and dikes
*Stored water in ponds or pools
A Source of Religion
The flooding of the Nile influenced the early Egyptians to form religious beliefs
They created stories to explain events in nature
In the stories, gods or godesses controlled a specific part of nature.
Egyptians formed a polytheistic religion
Ra(RAH), pronounced Ra (RAY) -The sun god
Hapi -God of the flood
Egyptians thought that honoring Hapi would bring good harvests
Horus -The sky god
Osiris -God of the next world
Each city had one or more special gods
As city gained strength, the god became more important
Amon- belief in the city’s god
Egyptians combined Amon and Ra, considering Amon-Ra their most powerful god.
Toward Civilization
Surplus crops allowed early Egyptians to develop an advanced civilization. With surpluses, the Egyptians traveled along the Nile to trade for other sources. Trade and travel made it possible for some towns to grow into cities. Eventually, Egypt was made up of two kingdoms.
Early Egyptians began developing an advanced civilization
Built temples to worship gods
Built stone tombs to hold bodies of rulers
Used writing on temples and tombs
Made pottery depicting stories of their lives
Mined for copper to make tools and gold for decorative art
Farming made these advances possible.
They grew a surplus of wheat and barley
The made bread, which was the main part of their diet
The Sinai Peninsula was a crossroads for early Egyptians and traders from southwestern Asia
The Nile served as a “highway” connecting settlements
Because of their location near the rivers, they became expert ship builders
Ships were able to travel up and down the Nile river
Soon, the towns grew into cities.
Egypt grew into two kingdoms- Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt
The physical setting of the Nile River supported a permanent settlements and an early civilization in ancient Egypt. The Egyptians developed agricultural techniques, such as irrigation, along the Nile River. It was these techniques that permitted the Egyptians to grow surplus food. Over time, Egyptian trade in surpluses allowed the growth of cities.
Ecology Ch.3.2
Renewable Resources: a resource that can be used over and over again.
*Renewable resources can be replaced naturally or by humans in a short amount of time, but they may run out if they are overused or managed poorly.
Nonrenewable Resources. : a resource that cannot be replaced.
*Copper, gold, coal, petroleum, and natural gas are removed from underground by mining or drilling. They are main energy source for heating, industry, and transportation and are used to make many products.
Today, motor vehicles, factories, and power plants are the main sources of air pollution.
The air pollutants affect humans and animals and are the main cause of acid rain.
Another factor that affects biodiversity in ecosystems.
When fish and amphibians in aquatic ecosystems are exposed to pollution, the entire food web is affected. The result is that biodiversity in the ecosystem decreases.
Pollution across systems.
Pollution can be carried from one place to another by abiotic factor (by wind or water).
•Wind carried ash from Mount St. Helens to different ecosystem.
•Wind carries acid rain to forest ecosystem.
•Some chemical pollutants can run off land and into a body of water
•Polluted water can evaporate into the atmosphere.
Habitat loss endangers biodiversity.
A habitat with large number of different species of plants and animals can withstand the destructions.
* Humans remove and change the habitats of other organisms living in the environment, which can decrease biodiversity-the number and variety of organisms within the environment.
Removing Habitat
Disturbing habitats removes not only food but space, shelter, and protection for living things.
Changing Habitat
Another kind of loss of habitat occurs when humans move species into new habitats. Some species (invasive species), when released in a new place, may replace the native species.
Scientists estimate that Earth supports more than 10 million different species and thousands of species are threatened. By protecting biodiversity we can help ecosystems thrive and even recover more quickly after a natural disturbances.
*Renewable resources can be replaced naturally or by humans in a short amount of time, but they may run out if they are overused or managed poorly.
Nonrenewable Resources. : a resource that cannot be replaced.
*Copper, gold, coal, petroleum, and natural gas are removed from underground by mining or drilling. They are main energy source for heating, industry, and transportation and are used to make many products.
Today, motor vehicles, factories, and power plants are the main sources of air pollution.
The air pollutants affect humans and animals and are the main cause of acid rain.
Another factor that affects biodiversity in ecosystems.
Oil spills, soil erosion, wastewater, chemical runoff, landfills all cause water pollution.
When fish and amphibians in aquatic ecosystems are exposed to pollution, the entire food web is affected. The result is that biodiversity in the ecosystem decreases.
Pollution across systems.
Pollution can be carried from one place to another by abiotic factor (by wind or water).
•Wind carried ash from Mount St. Helens to different ecosystem.
•Wind carries acid rain to forest ecosystem.
•Some chemical pollutants can run off land and into a body of water
•Polluted water can evaporate into the atmosphere.
Habitat loss endangers biodiversity.
A habitat with large number of different species of plants and animals can withstand the destructions.
* Humans remove and change the habitats of other organisms living in the environment, which can decrease biodiversity-the number and variety of organisms within the environment.
Removing Habitat
Disturbing habitats removes not only food but space, shelter, and protection for living things.
Changing Habitat
Another kind of loss of habitat occurs when humans move species into new habitats. Some species (invasive species), when released in a new place, may replace the native species.
Scientists estimate that Earth supports more than 10 million different species and thousands of species are threatened. By protecting biodiversity we can help ecosystems thrive and even recover more quickly after a natural disturbances.
Thursday, March 8, 2012
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