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Tuesday, July 31, 2012
Monday, July 23, 2012
Friday, July 20, 2012
Science 2.1
2.1 Earth rotates on tilted axis and orbits the Sun
Earth’s rotation causes day and night.
Earth’s gravity pulls objects toward the center of Earth. You are turning as Earth turns. You keep the same position with respect to what is below your feet, but the view above your head changes.
*No matter where the person stand, the direction of down will be toward Earth’s center
Earth rotates around axis of rotationThe ends of the axis are the north and south poles.
Earth turns on its axis in 24hours. When a location is in sunlight, it is daytime and night when a location is in darkness. When a location is in the middle of the sunlit side, it is noon and midnight when the location is in the middle of the unlit side.
Earth’s tilted axis and orbit cause seasons
The gravity causes Earth and other objects near the Sun to be pulled toward the Sun’s center. Earth moves sideways, at nearly a right angle to the Sun’s direction.
*It takes a year for Earth to orbit the Sun once.
*In astronomy, a revolution is the motion of one object around another and can also mean the time it takes an object to go around once.
*Earth rotates at about a 23 angle, or tilt, from this lined up position.
*Earth’s orbit is not quite a perfect circle. In January, Earth is closer to the Sun than it is in July. However, the combination of Earth’ motion around the Sun with the tilt of Earth’s axis does cause important changes of temperature.
Angles of Sunlight
The Angles of sunlight change with the seasons. Energy from sunlight is most concentrated when the Sun is high in the sky, resulting in shorter shadows. Because the sunlight is more concentrated, more of the Sun's energy warms the ground. When the Sun is lower in the sky, sunlight is less concentrated, shadows are longer, and less of the Sun's energy warms the ground
Near the equator, the noonday Sun is almost overhead every day, so the ground is warmed strongly year round. In the middle latitudes, the noon Sun is high in the sky only during part of the year. In winter the noon Sun is low and warms the ground less strongly.
Lengths of Days
Lengths of days change with the seasons.
The greatest changes occur near the poles, which experience six months of daylight and then six months of darkness.
The least amount of change occurs at the equator, where periods of daylight and darkness are almost equal all year long.
Earth’s rotation causes day and night.
Earth’s gravity pulls objects toward the center of Earth. You are turning as Earth turns. You keep the same position with respect to what is below your feet, but the view above your head changes.
*No matter where the person stand, the direction of down will be toward Earth’s center
Earth rotates around axis of rotationThe ends of the axis are the north and south poles.
Earth turns on its axis in 24hours. When a location is in sunlight, it is daytime and night when a location is in darkness. When a location is in the middle of the sunlit side, it is noon and midnight when the location is in the middle of the unlit side.
Earth’s tilted axis and orbit cause seasons
The gravity causes Earth and other objects near the Sun to be pulled toward the Sun’s center. Earth moves sideways, at nearly a right angle to the Sun’s direction.
*It takes a year for Earth to orbit the Sun once.
*In astronomy, a revolution is the motion of one object around another and can also mean the time it takes an object to go around once.
*Earth rotates at about a 23 angle, or tilt, from this lined up position.
*Earth’s orbit is not quite a perfect circle. In January, Earth is closer to the Sun than it is in July. However, the combination of Earth’ motion around the Sun with the tilt of Earth’s axis does cause important changes of temperature.
Angles of Sunlight
The Angles of sunlight change with the seasons. Energy from sunlight is most concentrated when the Sun is high in the sky, resulting in shorter shadows. Because the sunlight is more concentrated, more of the Sun's energy warms the ground. When the Sun is lower in the sky, sunlight is less concentrated, shadows are longer, and less of the Sun's energy warms the ground
Near the equator, the noonday Sun is almost overhead every day, so the ground is warmed strongly year round. In the middle latitudes, the noon Sun is high in the sky only during part of the year. In winter the noon Sun is low and warms the ground less strongly.
Lengths of Days
Lengths of days change with the seasons.
The greatest changes occur near the poles, which experience six months of daylight and then six months of darkness.
The least amount of change occurs at the equator, where periods of daylight and darkness are almost equal all year long.
Monday, July 16, 2012
SS Ch.9 Lesson3
The Peloponnesian War Begins
400s B.C.
Athens and Sparta were most powerful Greek city-states
Athens wanted greater power over the other city-states
This rivalry led to a long series of battles known as the Peloponnesian Wars
Athens controlled the city-states within the Delian League
Used wealth to strengthen their defense walls, The Long Walls
The Peloponnesian War Begins
The Long Walls protected the movement of grains and good from the port to the city.
The growing of Athens navy and rule over city-states alarmed Sparta
The tensions exploded into war for the next 15 years both experiencing defeats and victories
The Peloponnesian War Begins
In 445 B.C., both sides agreed to sign the Thirty Years Peace
The Treaty did not resolved bad feelings between them and it did NOT last for 30 years…
The Peloponnesian War Begins
Renewed FightingAfter 14 years of signing the treaty, war broke out again and this time it lasted for 27 years
Golden Age of Athens came to an end
When Attica was attacked, people flooded to Athens for safety, shelter, and food
A plague weakened and killed many Athenians including Pericles
After Pericles, many leaders known as demagogues ruled
Demagogues: popular leaders who told the people what they wanted to hear
Sparta built it’s navy with the help of the Persians and attacked a fleet near Hellespont and destroyed it.
Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 B.C.
The Thirty Tyrants
Spartans broke up the Athenian
Empire and took control of the
Athenian government. Instead of
democratic rule, Athens was ruled by
a dictatorial oligarchy, known as the
Thirty Tyrants.
Athens Regains Independence
Exiled Athenians received help from other city-states
An exiled Athenian general along with the help of Thebans, they recaptured the port of Piraeus
In the battle, the leader of Thirty Tyrants died
Sparta realized what the Thirty Tyrants had done was cruel and so they refused to help
Athens Regains Independence
The Three Thousand of Athens regained control.
A new Athenian council took control
Athens Regains Independence
Competition Among City-States
The Corinthian Alliance consisted of Corinth, Athens, and Argos
They tried to defeat Sparta but was unsuccessful
Athens and 70 other city-states defeated Sparta and broke up the Peloponnesian League
Helots were freed to return home to Messene
Competition for power and wealth made Greece unstable
400s B.C.
Athens and Sparta were most powerful Greek city-states
Athens wanted greater power over the other city-states
This rivalry led to a long series of battles known as the Peloponnesian Wars
Athens controlled the city-states within the Delian League
Used wealth to strengthen their defense walls, The Long Walls
The Peloponnesian War Begins
The Long Walls protected the movement of grains and good from the port to the city.
The growing of Athens navy and rule over city-states alarmed Sparta
The tensions exploded into war for the next 15 years both experiencing defeats and victories
The Peloponnesian War Begins
In 445 B.C., both sides agreed to sign the Thirty Years Peace
The Treaty did not resolved bad feelings between them and it did NOT last for 30 years…
The Peloponnesian War Begins
Renewed FightingAfter 14 years of signing the treaty, war broke out again and this time it lasted for 27 years
Golden Age of Athens came to an end
When Attica was attacked, people flooded to Athens for safety, shelter, and food
A plague weakened and killed many Athenians including Pericles
After Pericles, many leaders known as demagogues ruled
Demagogues: popular leaders who told the people what they wanted to hear
Sparta built it’s navy with the help of the Persians and attacked a fleet near Hellespont and destroyed it.
Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 B.C.
The Thirty Tyrants
Spartans broke up the Athenian
Empire and took control of the
Athenian government. Instead of
democratic rule, Athens was ruled by
a dictatorial oligarchy, known as the
Thirty Tyrants.
Athens Regains Independence
Exiled Athenians received help from other city-states
An exiled Athenian general along with the help of Thebans, they recaptured the port of Piraeus
In the battle, the leader of Thirty Tyrants died
Sparta realized what the Thirty Tyrants had done was cruel and so they refused to help
Athens Regains Independence
The Three Thousand of Athens regained control.
A new Athenian council took control
Athens Regains Independence
Competition Among City-States
The Corinthian Alliance consisted of Corinth, Athens, and Argos
They tried to defeat Sparta but was unsuccessful
Athens and 70 other city-states defeated Sparta and broke up the Peloponnesian League
Helots were freed to return home to Messene
Competition for power and wealth made Greece unstable
Sunday, July 15, 2012
Science 1.4
Atmosphere
Through studying bodies in space, we also learn about Earth’s atmosphere.
e.g. By comparing Earth with planets close to Earth (Mars and Venus), we can see how liquid water has affected the development of Earth’s atmosphere.
e.g. Scientist also learn how changes visible on the sun’s surface can cause periods of cooling.
Space exploration provided us with technology that makes life on Earth easier.
Satellites collect data from every region of our planet. The data are sent to receivers on Earth and converted into images. Scientist have learned from the space program how to enhance such images to gain more information.
Weather satellites – scientist can provide warnings of dangerous storms long before they strike populated areas.
Other satellites – used for wildlife preservation, conservation of natural resources and mapping.
Technology spinoffs
NASA often creates advanced technology to meet the special demands of space travel.
Design techniques developed to meet the need of spacecraft have improved devices used on Earth. (tools for diagnosing diseases, devices that help people overcome disabilities, protective suit for firefighters, systems for purifying air, water, and food. )
Saturday, July 14, 2012
Science 1.3
1.3 Space craft helps us explore beyond Earth
Orbiting Earth
After 1991, the Russian space agency and
NASA began to act as partners.
*The first space station (a satellite in which people can live and work for long periods) was launched in the early 1970s.
*Russian and U.S. astronauts carried out joint missions aboard Mir, the Russian space station . The Mir missions helped prepare for the ISS which began in 1998.
ISS (International Space Station)
The first three member crew arrived at the station in 2000 and performed experiments. i.e – they were able to grow cell tissue more easily in space than they can on Earth.
Research and technological advances from the space station may lay the groundwork for new space exploration.
One of the advantage of
space shuttles over earlier
spacecraft is that they can be
reused.
Flybys
The first stage in space exploration is to send out a spacecraft that passes one or more planets or other bodies in space without orbiting them.
After a flyby spacecraft leaves Earth’s orbit, controllers on Earth can use the spacecraft’s small rockets to adjust its direction.
As a flyby spacecraft passes a planet, the planet’s gravity can be used to change the spacecraft’s speed or direction.
Many complex mathematical calculations are needed for a flyby mission to be successful. The period of time when a spacecraft can be launched is called a launch window.
OrbitersThe second stage in space exploration is to study a planet over a long period of time. These tasks are done by orbiters.
An orbiter can keep track of changes that occur over time, such as changes in weather and volcanic activity. They allow astronomers to create detailed maps of planets and some are designed to explore moons or other bodies in space instead of planets.
Landers and Probes
The third stage in space exploration is to land instruments on a planet or to send instruments through its atmosphere.
A lander is a craft designed to land on planet’s surface.
After a lander touches down, controllers on Earth can send it commands to collect data.
A lander may also contain a small vehicle called a rover, which can explore beyond the landing site.
Mars Pathfinder in 1997 sent back thousands of photographs. The images provided evidence that water once flowed over the surface of Mars.
The term probe is often used to describe a spacecraft that drops into a planet’s atmosphere. As the probe travels through the atmosphere its instruments identify gases and measure properties such as pressure and temperature.
A lander or a probe can work in combination with an orbiter.
Orbiting Earth
After 1991, the Russian space agency and
NASA began to act as partners.
*The first space station (a satellite in which people can live and work for long periods) was launched in the early 1970s.
*Russian and U.S. astronauts carried out joint missions aboard Mir, the Russian space station . The Mir missions helped prepare for the ISS which began in 1998.
ISS (International Space Station)
The first three member crew arrived at the station in 2000 and performed experiments. i.e – they were able to grow cell tissue more easily in space than they can on Earth.
Research and technological advances from the space station may lay the groundwork for new space exploration.
One of the advantage of
space shuttles over earlier
spacecraft is that they can be
reused.
Flybys
The first stage in space exploration is to send out a spacecraft that passes one or more planets or other bodies in space without orbiting them.
After a flyby spacecraft leaves Earth’s orbit, controllers on Earth can use the spacecraft’s small rockets to adjust its direction.
As a flyby spacecraft passes a planet, the planet’s gravity can be used to change the spacecraft’s speed or direction.
Many complex mathematical calculations are needed for a flyby mission to be successful. The period of time when a spacecraft can be launched is called a launch window.
OrbitersThe second stage in space exploration is to study a planet over a long period of time. These tasks are done by orbiters.
An orbiter can keep track of changes that occur over time, such as changes in weather and volcanic activity. They allow astronomers to create detailed maps of planets and some are designed to explore moons or other bodies in space instead of planets.
Landers and Probes
The third stage in space exploration is to land instruments on a planet or to send instruments through its atmosphere.
A lander is a craft designed to land on planet’s surface.
After a lander touches down, controllers on Earth can send it commands to collect data.
A lander may also contain a small vehicle called a rover, which can explore beyond the landing site.
Mars Pathfinder in 1997 sent back thousands of photographs. The images provided evidence that water once flowed over the surface of Mars.
The term probe is often used to describe a spacecraft that drops into a planet’s atmosphere. As the probe travels through the atmosphere its instruments identify gases and measure properties such as pressure and temperature.
A lander or a probe can work in combination with an orbiter.
Tuesday, July 3, 2012
Monday, July 2, 2012
Ancient Civilization Ch.9 Lesson1
A Time of Glory in Athens
The Persian Wars
Greek city-states rebelled against Persia and during the uprising, they burned Sardis, the western capital of Persian EmpireGreek city-states united to fight against the Persian Empire
Darius I landed near the plain of Marathon and outnumbered the Athenians two to one
The Athenians asked Sparta for help but they feared Spartans would arrive too late and so the Athenian general devised a strategic plan to defeat the Persians.
Greek Victories
Persian emperor Xerxes, son of Darius I, was faced by a small Greek force at a mountain pass called Thermopylae.
The Persians broke through and set Athens on fire.
However, the Athenian navy was ready to face the Persians in a narrow straight between the Greek coastline and the island of Salamis.
Although the Greeks were outnumbered, the smaller Greek ships defeated the Persians in the narrow straight and sent Xerxes back to Asia Minor.
On land, the Spartans had been victorious in the Battle of Plataea
After the Persian wars, 15- Greek city-states formed the Delian League
The Delian Leagues won many victories, with Sparta and Athens contributing to win but conflict arose between the two city-states
Emperor Xerxes of Persia almost conquered the Greeks. In key victories, however, the Athenian
navy defeated the Persians at sea, and the Spartans beat them on land
Democracy in AthensCleisthenes made reforms to help Athens form a democracy
Direct democracy: all male Athenians over 18 were allowed to vote while woman and slaves were not
Veto ( A council proposed laws to the assembly, which would accept or veto them by majority.)
Representative democracy: citizens elect people to make decisions
Pericles made a more democratic reform
He believed all citizens, rich and poor, should be able to serve equally in government
The Golden Age
A time of great cultural achievement in Athens is known as the Golden Age
Athens continued to receive tribute from members of the Delian League
Pericles worked hard to make Athens an example of Greece
Greeks advanced in art, poetry, education, philosophy, science, and mathematics, and medicine
During the Golden Age of Athens, leaders built grand public buildings to celebrate Athenian democracy
and culture. It was a time of artistic, scholarly, and economic growth.
The Persian Wars
Greek city-states rebelled against Persia and during the uprising, they burned Sardis, the western capital of Persian EmpireGreek city-states united to fight against the Persian Empire
Darius I landed near the plain of Marathon and outnumbered the Athenians two to one
The Athenians asked Sparta for help but they feared Spartans would arrive too late and so the Athenian general devised a strategic plan to defeat the Persians.
Greek Victories
Persian emperor Xerxes, son of Darius I, was faced by a small Greek force at a mountain pass called Thermopylae.
The Persians broke through and set Athens on fire.
However, the Athenian navy was ready to face the Persians in a narrow straight between the Greek coastline and the island of Salamis.
Although the Greeks were outnumbered, the smaller Greek ships defeated the Persians in the narrow straight and sent Xerxes back to Asia Minor.
On land, the Spartans had been victorious in the Battle of Plataea
After the Persian wars, 15- Greek city-states formed the Delian League
The Delian Leagues won many victories, with Sparta and Athens contributing to win but conflict arose between the two city-states
Emperor Xerxes of Persia almost conquered the Greeks. In key victories, however, the Athenian
navy defeated the Persians at sea, and the Spartans beat them on land
Democracy in AthensCleisthenes made reforms to help Athens form a democracy
Direct democracy: all male Athenians over 18 were allowed to vote while woman and slaves were not
Veto ( A council proposed laws to the assembly, which would accept or veto them by majority.)
Representative democracy: citizens elect people to make decisions
Pericles made a more democratic reform
He believed all citizens, rich and poor, should be able to serve equally in government
The Golden Age
A time of great cultural achievement in Athens is known as the Golden Age
Athens continued to receive tribute from members of the Delian League
Pericles worked hard to make Athens an example of Greece
Greeks advanced in art, poetry, education, philosophy, science, and mathematics, and medicine
During the Golden Age of Athens, leaders built grand public buildings to celebrate Athenian democracy
and culture. It was a time of artistic, scholarly, and economic growth.
Sunday, July 1, 2012
Space Science 1.1
The sky seems to turn as Earth rotates
You cannot see all of the constellations at once, because Earth blocks half of space from your view.
You can see a parade of constellations each night as Earth rotates because stars move from east to west. If you extended the North Pole into space, it would point almost exactly to a star called Polaris, or the North Star. You can use Polaris to figure out direction and location.
The movements of planets and other nearby objects are visible from Earth.
Stars are always moving , but they are so far away that you cannot see their movements.
By contrast, the Moon moves across the star background a distance equal to its width every hour as it orbits Earth. The planet’s gradual movements are visible among the constellations over a period of weeks or month.
The apparent movement of the sky led early astronomers to believe that Earth was at the center of the universe. Later astronomers discovered that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.
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