Greek City-States /The Rise of City-StatesBy 750 B.C., settlements such as Sparta, Athens, Argos, and Corinth had grown into a polis.
A polis…
Connected the city with farms, towns, and villages
All people were free citizens
Had about 5,000 people, with the exception of Athens(20,000) and Corinth(10,000)
Most city-states developed similarly
Started at the base of a hill
An acropolis sat at the top of the hill
Surrounding the acropolis were houses, temples, and an open-air market (agora)
Agora was the center of politics
Each city-state were separated by mountains and seas thus developing independently
The Rise of City-States
By 750 B.C., large
settlements had
grown into independent
city-states. The city-states
developed in similar ways,
most starting at the
base of acropolis.
New Ways of Governing
By 750 B.C., a small group of aristocrats, wealthy ruling class, replaced kings.
Oligarchy: Rule by a few
Each controlled army, economy, religion, and laws
Tyrants: Took control of government by force and ruled alone
Tyrant means “a cruel ruler”
By 500 B.C., tyrants were overthrown and democracy began
As city-states developed,
oligarchies replaced the
rule of kings. Then tyrants
took over many city-states.
By 500 B.C., early forms of
democracy were beginning
to replace tyrants in
some city-states.
Commerce and ColoniesCommerce: large-scale trade
City-states exchanged:
Grain, wine, olive oil, wood, pottery, and metal works, such as iron weapons and tools
In search of more resources, city-states set up colonies beyond their land
Colonies became independent but were tied to homeland through religion and trade
Commerce and Colonies
By about 700 B.C., the Greeks had become part of a growing commerce around the Mediterranean
and beyond. As populations expanded, the city-states began to colonize areas beyond the Aegean.
Greek CultureGreeks felt a strong connection, or cultural indentity with other all other Greeks.
Greeks based their alphabet on the Phoenician alphabet
Greeks used writing for:
Keep records of business and trade
Record codes of law
Government, taxes, history
Beliefs
Legends and myths
Greeks learned about the past and heritage through the work of Homer and Hesiod
It taught them: Gods’ names, talents, skills, appearance
Greeks learned about the past and heritage through the work of Homer and Hesiod
It taught them: Gods’ names, talents, skills, appearance
While the ancient Greeks
identified with their own
city-states, they also felt
a strong connection
with all Greeks due to
their common language
and shared culture.
A New Kind of Warfare
Greeks fought over land and resources
All male adult citizens served at least some time in the army
Rank was based on wealth
Wealthiest men were leaders
Those able to afford a horse were in the calvary
Foot soldiers called hoplites were the poorest and lowest in rank
A New Kind of Warfare
Greek city-states often
fought over land and resources.
Each city-state had
a large, highly organized army composed of adult
male citizens who were
trained to fight in
new formations.
Thursday, June 21, 2012
SS Ch.8 Lesson4
Sparta and Athens
Sparta’s government
Sparta, located on Peloponnesus, was the most powerful city-state on Peloponnesus
Spartans were descendents of Dorians
Helots, slaves owned by city-state, grew in number (1 Spartan=4 Helots)
In fear of rebellion of the Helots and enemies, the Spartans lived a military life
Life in SpartaSpartans learned to be strong and disciplined
Spartan boys / Age 7
Sent to training camps; lived together in barracks
Practiced wrestling, gymnastics, and military exercises
Learned to accept hardship without complaint and to obey orders without question
Life in Sparta
Age 18Began four years of military training to serve as soldiers
Could marry between 20 and 30
Served as soldiers until 60
Spartan girls
Exercised outdoors
Managed household and family
Life in SpartaSpartan leaders: Rarely allowed travel outside of Sparta
Trade with outsiders
Enforced a strict way of life
Why?
Because leaders didn’t want new ideas might bring unwanted change
Sparta means “simple, strict, and highly desciplined”
New Ideas in athensAthens grew wealthy from trade because their location allowed them to have many trading partners.
In 638 B.C., oligarchy replaced monarchy
In 620 B.C., Draco wrote first laws for Athens
Athens grew angry and distrustful when farmers fell into debt and couldn’t supply food
New Ideas in athens
Athens coastal location helped
it become wealthy through
trade. Draco wrote Athens’s
first laws, but they were harsh.
Solon put in place reforms
to help ordinary people.
Toward DemocracySolon set up a system that based political right on wealth and not on birth
Rights were divided in 4 classes and it was based on agricultural wealth
Most wealth= highest class
Men without property= lowest class
Persian king Cyrus II, known as “Cyrus the Great” founded Persian Empire by conquest
Emperors Cambyses and Darius I followed Cyrus and made the largest empire in history at the time
Darius I developed a government divided into 20 different regions who had a governor
Concerns about persia
When Persians conquered Asia Minor, they got control of several Greek colonies but the Persians wanted t complete control.
The Spartans began to fear the Persians and so they created a league, or a group of allies, called the Peloponnesian League
Sparta’s government
Sparta, located on Peloponnesus, was the most powerful city-state on Peloponnesus
Spartans were descendents of Dorians
Helots, slaves owned by city-state, grew in number (1 Spartan=4 Helots)
In fear of rebellion of the Helots and enemies, the Spartans lived a military life
Life in SpartaSpartans learned to be strong and disciplined
Spartan boys / Age 7
Sent to training camps; lived together in barracks
Practiced wrestling, gymnastics, and military exercises
Learned to accept hardship without complaint and to obey orders without question
Life in Sparta
Age 18Began four years of military training to serve as soldiers
Could marry between 20 and 30
Served as soldiers until 60
Spartan girls
Exercised outdoors
Managed household and family
Life in SpartaSpartan leaders: Rarely allowed travel outside of Sparta
Trade with outsiders
Enforced a strict way of life
Why?
Because leaders didn’t want new ideas might bring unwanted change
Sparta means “simple, strict, and highly desciplined”
New Ideas in athensAthens grew wealthy from trade because their location allowed them to have many trading partners.
In 638 B.C., oligarchy replaced monarchy
In 620 B.C., Draco wrote first laws for Athens
Athens grew angry and distrustful when farmers fell into debt and couldn’t supply food
New Ideas in athens
Athens coastal location helped
it become wealthy through
trade. Draco wrote Athens’s
first laws, but they were harsh.
Solon put in place reforms
to help ordinary people.
Toward DemocracySolon set up a system that based political right on wealth and not on birth
Rights were divided in 4 classes and it was based on agricultural wealth
Most wealth= highest class
Men without property= lowest class
Persian king Cyrus II, known as “Cyrus the Great” founded Persian Empire by conquest
Emperors Cambyses and Darius I followed Cyrus and made the largest empire in history at the time
Darius I developed a government divided into 20 different regions who had a governor
Concerns about persia
When Persians conquered Asia Minor, they got control of several Greek colonies but the Persians wanted t complete control.
The Spartans began to fear the Persians and so they created a league, or a group of allies, called the Peloponnesian League
Wednesday, June 20, 2012
SS Ch8 Lesson 2
The Minoans
The first civilization in Greece was on the island of Crete and was named after the king, Minos.
Crete
Long island
Mountains and plains
Climate was mild, not too hot or cold
Minoans lived in small farming and fishing villages
The Minoans began to build cities and within it, they built large and richly decorated palaces
The palace was at the heart of Minoan social life and served as the center for government and religion
The largest Minoan palace(3 acres and 3 stories high) was built in the city of Knossos
Minoan LifePaintings on palace walls reveal:
Dancing
Music
Sports
Gold
Long flowing hair on both men and woman
Minoans traded olive oil, wine, wool, and pottery for copper, tin, and gold.
Minoans have a developed writing to record trade
A few possible reasons for the destruction of Minoan culture:Fire
Volcanic eruption
Earthquake
Possibility of being over-run by the Mycenaeans
The MycenaeansMycenae, warlike people, were mostly peasants or poor farmers
They are considered the first Greeks because of their language(an early form of Greek)
Mycenae was on Peloponnesus
The Mycenaeans took ideas from other cultures, a process called cultural borrowing
In about 1450 B.C., the Mycenaens invaded Crete and continued to spread their culture
In 1100 B.C., their control weakened. Two possible reasons:
Dorians from the north
Fighting within their own culture
The Mycenaean civilization developed
on the Peloponnesus. The Myceaneans
adopted many customs from the
Minoans and made their own.
The warlike Mycenaeans controlled
Crete and much of the Peloponnesus
until about 1100 B.C.
Legends and Myths
Greeks developed a great tradition of storytellers called bards.
They told stories and songs about Greek gods, goddesses, and heroes
They were entertaining but also taught ideals, values, and beliefs
Legends are an important part of their tradition and could possibly be based on actual events
Homer, a bard, composed two epics
Iliad -Describes attacks on Troy
Odyssey -Describes the hero Odysseus and his ten-year journey home
The Greek Dark Age
By 1100 B.C., ancient Greece had entered the Dark Age:
Greeks abandoned their palaces and cities
Trade stopped
Lived a simpler life as farmers and herders
What was lost?
Minoans and Myceneans achievements
Writing, decorative pottery, luxury goods, and bronze metal work
At the end of the Dark Age, a stronger metal emerged: Iron.
The Greek Dark Age
During the Greek Dark Age,
Greek culture declined.
The first civilization in Greece was on the island of Crete and was named after the king, Minos.
Crete
Long island
Mountains and plains
Climate was mild, not too hot or cold
Minoans lived in small farming and fishing villages
The Minoans began to build cities and within it, they built large and richly decorated palaces
The palace was at the heart of Minoan social life and served as the center for government and religion
The largest Minoan palace(3 acres and 3 stories high) was built in the city of Knossos
Minoan LifePaintings on palace walls reveal:
Dancing
Music
Sports
Gold
Long flowing hair on both men and woman
Minoans traded olive oil, wine, wool, and pottery for copper, tin, and gold.
Minoans have a developed writing to record trade
A few possible reasons for the destruction of Minoan culture:Fire
Volcanic eruption
Earthquake
Possibility of being over-run by the Mycenaeans
The MycenaeansMycenae, warlike people, were mostly peasants or poor farmers
They are considered the first Greeks because of their language(an early form of Greek)
Mycenae was on Peloponnesus
The Mycenaeans took ideas from other cultures, a process called cultural borrowing
In about 1450 B.C., the Mycenaens invaded Crete and continued to spread their culture
In 1100 B.C., their control weakened. Two possible reasons:
Dorians from the north
Fighting within their own culture
The Mycenaean civilization developed
on the Peloponnesus. The Myceaneans
adopted many customs from the
Minoans and made their own.
The warlike Mycenaeans controlled
Crete and much of the Peloponnesus
until about 1100 B.C.
Legends and Myths
Greeks developed a great tradition of storytellers called bards.
They told stories and songs about Greek gods, goddesses, and heroes
They were entertaining but also taught ideals, values, and beliefs
Legends are an important part of their tradition and could possibly be based on actual events
Homer, a bard, composed two epics
Iliad -Describes attacks on Troy
Odyssey -Describes the hero Odysseus and his ten-year journey home
The Greek Dark Age
By 1100 B.C., ancient Greece had entered the Dark Age:
Greeks abandoned their palaces and cities
Trade stopped
Lived a simpler life as farmers and herders
What was lost?
Minoans and Myceneans achievements
Writing, decorative pottery, luxury goods, and bronze metal work
At the end of the Dark Age, a stronger metal emerged: Iron.
The Greek Dark Age
During the Greek Dark Age,
Greek culture declined.
Science 5.3 Science helps people
scientific understanding helps people fight disease.
Disease is a change that disturbs the normal functioning of the body’s systems.
Many diseases are classified as infectious diseases, or diseases that can be spread.
The organisms that cause sickness are called microorganisms.
Disease is a change that disturbs the normal functioning of the body’s systems.
Many diseases are classified as infectious diseases, or diseases that can be spread.
The organisms that cause sickness are called microorganisms.
Monday, June 18, 2012
Human Biology 5.2
Diet affects the body’s health
Nutrition is the study of the materials that nourish your body.
Your body needs proper nutrition to stay healthy and to function well.
Getting Nutrientssix classes of nutrients: carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin, mineral, water
Proteins: molecules that build tissues used for growth and repair.
(poultry, red meat, fish, eggs, nuts, beans, grains…etc.)
Carbohydrates: the body’s most important energy source and are found in
starch, sugar, and fiber. (past, bread, fruits, and vegetables…etc)
Fats: essential for energy. (butter, olive oil…etc)
Vitamins: small molecules that regulate body growth and development.
Minerals: help build body tissue
Water: helps regulate your body temperature, transports nutrients around the body.
Understanding Nutrition
Groups within the government, (the United States Department of Agriculture) have defined terms that are used to describe food products.
All natural -it does not contain any artificial flavor, color, or preservatives.
Low-fat -provides no more than 3grams of fat per serving.
Organic- produce has been grown using no human made fertilizers or live stock has been raised on organic feed.
Exercise & Lifestyle
Regular exercise allows all your body systems to stay strong and healthy. (extra oxygen, stronger skeletal and circulatory system…etc.)
An active lifestyle can promote good health and a sedentary lifestyle can promote excess body fat and disease.
Researchers have also made connections between excess body fat and heart disease and diabetes.
Drug AbuseA drug is any chemical substance that you take in to change your body’s functions. Abuse can also include using too much of a substance that is not harmful in small amounts.
Tobacco: Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemicals.
(nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide)
Alcohol: It damages the heart, the liver, the nervous system, digestive system, and it can affect behavior and the ability to make decisions.
Other drugs: cocaine, amphetamines, narcotics are very dangerous.
Addiction
Drug abuse can often lead to addiction.
Addiction is an illness in which a person becomes dependent on a substance or behavior.
Repeated use of drugs can cause the body to become physically dependent and also emotionally dependent.
When a person is dependent on a drug, taking away that drug can cause withdrawal. (fever, muscle cramps, vomiting, and hallucinations.)
Eating DisordersAn eating disorder is a condition in which people continually eat too much or too little food.
Anorexia nervosa: people which this
disorder eat so little and exercise
so hard that they become unhealthy.
Nutrition is the study of the materials that nourish your body.
Your body needs proper nutrition to stay healthy and to function well.
Getting Nutrientssix classes of nutrients: carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin, mineral, water
Proteins: molecules that build tissues used for growth and repair.
(poultry, red meat, fish, eggs, nuts, beans, grains…etc.)
Carbohydrates: the body’s most important energy source and are found in
starch, sugar, and fiber. (past, bread, fruits, and vegetables…etc)
Fats: essential for energy. (butter, olive oil…etc)
Vitamins: small molecules that regulate body growth and development.
Minerals: help build body tissue
Water: helps regulate your body temperature, transports nutrients around the body.
Understanding Nutrition
Groups within the government, (the United States Department of Agriculture) have defined terms that are used to describe food products.
All natural -it does not contain any artificial flavor, color, or preservatives.
Low-fat -provides no more than 3grams of fat per serving.
Organic- produce has been grown using no human made fertilizers or live stock has been raised on organic feed.
Exercise & Lifestyle
Regular exercise allows all your body systems to stay strong and healthy. (extra oxygen, stronger skeletal and circulatory system…etc.)
An active lifestyle can promote good health and a sedentary lifestyle can promote excess body fat and disease.
Researchers have also made connections between excess body fat and heart disease and diabetes.
Drug AbuseA drug is any chemical substance that you take in to change your body’s functions. Abuse can also include using too much of a substance that is not harmful in small amounts.
Tobacco: Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemicals.
(nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide)
Alcohol: It damages the heart, the liver, the nervous system, digestive system, and it can affect behavior and the ability to make decisions.
Other drugs: cocaine, amphetamines, narcotics are very dangerous.
Addiction
Drug abuse can often lead to addiction.
Addiction is an illness in which a person becomes dependent on a substance or behavior.
Repeated use of drugs can cause the body to become physically dependent and also emotionally dependent.
When a person is dependent on a drug, taking away that drug can cause withdrawal. (fever, muscle cramps, vomiting, and hallucinations.)
Eating DisordersAn eating disorder is a condition in which people continually eat too much or too little food.
Anorexia nervosa: people which this
disorder eat so little and exercise
so hard that they become unhealthy.
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