The Han Dynasty206 B.C., the Qin Dynasty fell
Peasants, Qin generals and officials, and nobles fought for power
Shortly after, Liu Bang claimed the title of king of Han
He was given the name Han Gaozu, “High Ancestor”
The Han made their capital Chang’an, near Xianyang.
It became to be known as Xi’an
Gaozu…
Helped peasants by giving land and reducing taxes
Accepted idea of central government
Followed teachings of Confucius
Became known for mixing Confucian and Legalist ideas
The use of Legalist and Confucian idea helped Han rulers make decisions
The Han Dynasty
Wu Di and Civil ServiceIn 141 B.C., Wu Di (“Warlike Emperor) rose to the throne
He formed armies of 300,000 to protect and expand the empire
His expansion included western China and parts of Korea and Vietnam
To help support his growing empire, he created taxes
Wu Di and Civil Service
Wu Di had deep respect for Confucius and even started a university to teach Confucianism
He also made it the empire’s official language
He founded the first civil service on Confucian ideals
Wu Di and Civil Service
Wu Di helped start a system where skilled people would govern a state.
Educated people could become civil servants by passing a test
Those who did well would receive jobs and social status.
Wu Di and Civil Service
Golden AgeSuccess in war, economic growth, and education
Art flourished
Stone sculptures
Painting
Weaving
pottery
Science
Seismograph
Sundials
Waterclocks
Sima Qian
Wrote first history of China
The Silk Road and TradeThe most traveled trade routes became known as the “Silk Road”
Stretched 4,000 miles from Han capital to the Mediterranean sea
Connected China and Europe
Traded horses, glass, spices, unusual fruits, musical instruments
The Silk Road was important in spreading Buddhism northward
Thursday, September 13, 2012
Wednesday, September 12, 2012
S.S. Ch.11 Lesson 3
Wei River ValleyQin generals conquered other states as they rode horses into battle and fought with iron weapons
a 13-year-old boy took the Qin throne and ruled over China’s first empire.
After founding the Qin Empire, the king named himself Qin Shi Huangdi,“First Emperor of China.”
The empire lasted only 15 years
Wei River Valley
Shi Huangdi used fear to rule through a governing system called legalism
He had absolute
control and governed with strict laws.
Building a Bureaucracy
Shi Huangdi built both a strong army and a bureaucracy
The old feudal system had to be broken apart before Legalism could replace it.
Feudal lords ruled their land and collected taxes
To prevent the nobles from turning against him, they were forced to move to Qin, the capital city of Xianyang
Standardization
Shi Huangdi standardized:
coins and the units for weights
ordered the building of canals and roads to connect major cities
Education
Li Si(advisor) said that too many books questioned Qin ideas so he ordered certain books, including many about Confucianism, to be burned
This unification made the empire easier to control
Building a Great WallFor about ten years, he forced hundreds of thousands of workers to build the wall.
the wall stood 25 feet high and 20 feet wide and stretched for more than 3,000 miles from east to west.
Along the wall, soldiers kept watch from 40-foot-high towers. If they saw enemies approaching, they used smoke or fire to signal soldiers in the next tower.
The Emperor’s Clay Army Shi Huangdi planned a great burial place for himself.
The tomb had been under construction for more than 30 years.
The tomb had 7,000 larger than life soldiers holding real weapons, as well as life-size clay horses and wood and bronze war chariots
Shi Huangdi planned a spectacular
burial place for himself. He
ordered an army of thousands
of clay soldiers and horses
built to protect the tomb
for all time.
a 13-year-old boy took the Qin throne and ruled over China’s first empire.
After founding the Qin Empire, the king named himself Qin Shi Huangdi,“First Emperor of China.”
The empire lasted only 15 years
Wei River Valley
Shi Huangdi used fear to rule through a governing system called legalism
He had absolute
control and governed with strict laws.
Building a Bureaucracy
Shi Huangdi built both a strong army and a bureaucracy
The old feudal system had to be broken apart before Legalism could replace it.
Feudal lords ruled their land and collected taxes
To prevent the nobles from turning against him, they were forced to move to Qin, the capital city of Xianyang
Standardization
Shi Huangdi standardized:
coins and the units for weights
ordered the building of canals and roads to connect major cities
Education
Li Si(advisor) said that too many books questioned Qin ideas so he ordered certain books, including many about Confucianism, to be burned
This unification made the empire easier to control
Building a Great WallFor about ten years, he forced hundreds of thousands of workers to build the wall.
the wall stood 25 feet high and 20 feet wide and stretched for more than 3,000 miles from east to west.
Along the wall, soldiers kept watch from 40-foot-high towers. If they saw enemies approaching, they used smoke or fire to signal soldiers in the next tower.
The Emperor’s Clay Army Shi Huangdi planned a great burial place for himself.
The tomb had been under construction for more than 30 years.
The tomb had 7,000 larger than life soldiers holding real weapons, as well as life-size clay horses and wood and bronze war chariots
Shi Huangdi planned a spectacular
burial place for himself. He
ordered an army of thousands
of clay soldiers and horses
built to protect the tomb
for all time.
Tuesday, September 11, 2012
Monday, September 10, 2012
S.S. Ch.11 Lesson 2
The Shang Dynasty
In 2000 B.C., settlements grew into powerful kingdoms
Tang the Successful brought 1,800 villages under his rule which began the Shang DynastyShang Society invented writing system, worked with bronze, had social classes and lived under a monarchy
The Shang writing system consisted of character, symbols
Oracle bones
Earliest form of writing found on bones
They were used to find out about the future
The Zhou DynastyThe Zhou dynasty was the longest-ruling dynasty
Zhou culture began in the Wei River Valley, west of the Shang kingdom.
Zhou moved east until they met
the Shang.
1122 B.C., the Zhou ruler, King Wu, won
victory over the Shang.
The Zhou believed that Tian gave certain people an order, known as the Mandate of Heaven
Zhou kings thought that they would be able to keep the mandate as long as they continued to show virtue, or good qualities.
social structure with three classes1. king and his family
2. noble families
3. peasant families
system of exchanging land for loyalty is known as feudalism.
Decline of the ZhouIn about 771 B.C., the enemies attacked the Zhou capital of Hao .
enemies killed the Zhou king and took control of the whole Wei River Valley.
As a result, the Zhou moved their capital city east to the North China Plain.
The Zhou Dynasty weakened
During the last two hundred years of the dynasty, the fighting grew worse
Warring Kingdoms Period or the Warring States Period.
the kingdom of Chu (JOO) had replaced feudalism with a new kind of government.
divided their kingdom into counties
In 535 B.C., the king of Zheng (JUHNG), a kingdom in the North China Plain, ordered that written laws be created to make sure people could tell right from wrong.
The ideas of confuciusConfucius meant “Great Master Kong.”
spent his life thinking about how to return goodness and order to China.
His sayings often told of the importance of good behavior, kindness, tradition, respect for elders, and education.
Confucius thought that people should use filial piety as a model for showing honor and respect for their rulers
He thought of these duties in terms of five relationships—
parent to child, ruler to subject, older brother to younger brother, husband to wife, and friend to friend.
In 2000 B.C., settlements grew into powerful kingdoms
Tang the Successful brought 1,800 villages under his rule which began the Shang DynastyShang Society invented writing system, worked with bronze, had social classes and lived under a monarchy
The Shang writing system consisted of character, symbols
Oracle bones
Earliest form of writing found on bones
They were used to find out about the future
The Zhou DynastyThe Zhou dynasty was the longest-ruling dynasty
Zhou culture began in the Wei River Valley, west of the Shang kingdom.
Zhou moved east until they met
the Shang.
1122 B.C., the Zhou ruler, King Wu, won
victory over the Shang.
The Zhou believed that Tian gave certain people an order, known as the Mandate of Heaven
Zhou kings thought that they would be able to keep the mandate as long as they continued to show virtue, or good qualities.
social structure with three classes1. king and his family
2. noble families
3. peasant families
system of exchanging land for loyalty is known as feudalism.
Decline of the ZhouIn about 771 B.C., the enemies attacked the Zhou capital of Hao .
enemies killed the Zhou king and took control of the whole Wei River Valley.
As a result, the Zhou moved their capital city east to the North China Plain.
The Zhou Dynasty weakened
During the last two hundred years of the dynasty, the fighting grew worse
Warring Kingdoms Period or the Warring States Period.
the kingdom of Chu (JOO) had replaced feudalism with a new kind of government.
divided their kingdom into counties
In 535 B.C., the king of Zheng (JUHNG), a kingdom in the North China Plain, ordered that written laws be created to make sure people could tell right from wrong.
The ideas of confuciusConfucius meant “Great Master Kong.”
spent his life thinking about how to return goodness and order to China.
His sayings often told of the importance of good behavior, kindness, tradition, respect for elders, and education.
Confucius thought that people should use filial piety as a model for showing honor and respect for their rulers
He thought of these duties in terms of five relationships—
parent to child, ruler to subject, older brother to younger brother, husband to wife, and friend to friend.
Sunday, September 9, 2012
Science 4.2
Stars differ in size, brightness, and temperature
Star’s Brightness : amount of light a star gives off + distance from the Earth
What unit do we use to measure distance between stars?
: light year (distance light travels in one year, approx 9.5 trill km)
How do we measure distance?
by using parallax: the apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from
different locations
To measure the parallax of a star,
astronomers plot the star’s position in the
sky from opposite sides of Earth’s orbit
around the Sun.
Size
White dwarfs <> differences in color
* Sun = a yellow, G-class star
Stars have Life Cycles
Stars are not permanent -> go through life cycles of birth, maturity, and death
Birth
stars form from a nebula (cloud of gas + dust)
-> gravity pulls gas & dust closer together =contracts
-> forms hot, dense sphere
Maturity
sphere becomes a star if center is hot enough for fusion to occur
Death
its matter does not disappear
i) some of it may form a nebula or.. ii) move into existing nebula -> may become part of new star
Stages in the Life Cycles of Stars difference in mass = difference in life cyclemain sequence: the stage in which stars produce energy through the fusion of
hydrogen into helium
Neutron Star
def: extremely dense core left behind in a supernova
-mass 1~3x’s bigger than the Sun
-some emit beams of radio waves as they spin called pulsars (they seem to
pulse as the beams rotate)
Black Hole
-core more than 3x’s bigger than the Sun
-> core collapses -> form invisible object called a “black hole”
-gravity of a black hole is so strong that no form of radiation can escape
Star Systems
- most stars do not exist alone, held together by gravity
ex) binary star system (2), multiple star system (>2)
important source of info about star masses
-> astronomers cannot measure mass directly
they use the gravity in star systems to calculate star mass
Star’s Brightness : amount of light a star gives off + distance from the Earth
What unit do we use to measure distance between stars?
: light year (distance light travels in one year, approx 9.5 trill km)
How do we measure distance?
by using parallax: the apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from
different locations
To measure the parallax of a star,
astronomers plot the star’s position in the
sky from opposite sides of Earth’s orbit
around the Sun.
Size
White dwarfs <> differences in color
* Sun = a yellow, G-class star
Stars have Life Cycles
Stars are not permanent -> go through life cycles of birth, maturity, and death
Birth
stars form from a nebula (cloud of gas + dust)
-> gravity pulls gas & dust closer together =contracts
-> forms hot, dense sphere
Maturity
sphere becomes a star if center is hot enough for fusion to occur
Death
its matter does not disappear
i) some of it may form a nebula or.. ii) move into existing nebula -> may become part of new star
Stages in the Life Cycles of Stars difference in mass = difference in life cyclemain sequence: the stage in which stars produce energy through the fusion of
hydrogen into helium
Neutron Star
def: extremely dense core left behind in a supernova
-mass 1~3x’s bigger than the Sun
-some emit beams of radio waves as they spin called pulsars (they seem to
pulse as the beams rotate)
Black Hole
-core more than 3x’s bigger than the Sun
-> core collapses -> form invisible object called a “black hole”
-gravity of a black hole is so strong that no form of radiation can escape
Star Systems
- most stars do not exist alone, held together by gravity
ex) binary star system (2), multiple star system (>2)
important source of info about star masses
-> astronomers cannot measure mass directly
they use the gravity in star systems to calculate star mass
Friday, September 7, 2012
Space Science 4.1
The Sun produces energy from hydrogen.The Sunonly star in our solar system
far larger than any of the planets
(contains 99.9% of the mass of the entire solar system)
consists mostly of hydrogen gas -> produces ENERGY
How? hydrogen in the Sun’s interior turns into helium
source of light and warmth making life possible on Earth
Energy flows through the Sun’s layers.
The Sun’s Interior
-cooler, less dense as you move away from the center
Core - Sun’s center : very dense + very hot (15 mill °C) -> extreme condition
- hydrogen particles collide and combine to form helium
in a process called : fusion
- fusion releases energy through radiation
Radiative Zone – energy moves from core by radiation through this thick layer
(fusion does not occur, conditions are not as extreme)
Convection Zone – energy moves mainly by convection: transfer of energy from
place to place by the motion of heated gas or liquid
**Energy moves by radiation + convection**
The Sun’s Atmosphere-less dense, hotter as you move outward
Photosphere
- visible layer of the Sun = Sun’s surface
- convection currents beneath causes bumpy texture
Chromosphere- thin middle layer, pinkish light
Corona- Sun’s outermost layer
- varies in shape, extends outward several million km
-chromosphere/corona (hotter) > photosphere
->low densities -> only visible during total eclipse of Sun
(when the Moon blocks the much brighter photosphere)
Features on the Sun
Near the Sun’s surface there are regions of magnetic force called magnetic fields. These magnetic fields get twisted into different positions as the Sun rotates. Features on the Sun appear in areas where a magnetic field is strong creating…….
Sunspots Flares Prominences
Features on the SunSunspots-spots on the photosphere, cooler, seems dim because the
rest of the photosphere is so much brighter
-realized that the Sun rotates
(some parts rotate faster because the Sun is not solid)
Flares-eruption of hot gas from Sun’s surface
-occur near sunspots
Prominences-huge loops of glowing gas that extend the corona connecting two sunspots
Solar Winddef: electrically charged particles that flow out in all directions from the corona
Most solar winds flowing toward Earth is protected by Earth’s magnetic field.
However……
When solar-wind particles enter the upper atmosphere, they release energy,
and produce beautiful patterns of glowing light in the sky called auroras.
Magnetic StormsDuring peaks of sunspot cycle, flares, and other solar activity,
strong bursts of charged particles are released into the solar wind
called magnetic storms.
-can cause power surges
-interfere with radio communication
-destroy orbiting satellite
-poses danger to astronauts
during space flights
far larger than any of the planets
(contains 99.9% of the mass of the entire solar system)
consists mostly of hydrogen gas -> produces ENERGY
How? hydrogen in the Sun’s interior turns into helium
source of light and warmth making life possible on Earth
Energy flows through the Sun’s layers.
The Sun’s Interior
-cooler, less dense as you move away from the center
Core - Sun’s center : very dense + very hot (15 mill °C) -> extreme condition
- hydrogen particles collide and combine to form helium
in a process called : fusion
- fusion releases energy through radiation
Radiative Zone – energy moves from core by radiation through this thick layer
(fusion does not occur, conditions are not as extreme)
Convection Zone – energy moves mainly by convection: transfer of energy from
place to place by the motion of heated gas or liquid
**Energy moves by radiation + convection**
The Sun’s Atmosphere-less dense, hotter as you move outward
Photosphere
- visible layer of the Sun = Sun’s surface
- convection currents beneath causes bumpy texture
Chromosphere- thin middle layer, pinkish light
Corona- Sun’s outermost layer
- varies in shape, extends outward several million km
-chromosphere/corona (hotter) > photosphere
->low densities -> only visible during total eclipse of Sun
(when the Moon blocks the much brighter photosphere)
Features on the Sun
Near the Sun’s surface there are regions of magnetic force called magnetic fields. These magnetic fields get twisted into different positions as the Sun rotates. Features on the Sun appear in areas where a magnetic field is strong creating…….
Sunspots Flares Prominences
Features on the SunSunspots-spots on the photosphere, cooler, seems dim because the
rest of the photosphere is so much brighter
-realized that the Sun rotates
(some parts rotate faster because the Sun is not solid)
Flares-eruption of hot gas from Sun’s surface
-occur near sunspots
Prominences-huge loops of glowing gas that extend the corona connecting two sunspots
Solar Winddef: electrically charged particles that flow out in all directions from the corona
Most solar winds flowing toward Earth is protected by Earth’s magnetic field.
However……
When solar-wind particles enter the upper atmosphere, they release energy,
and produce beautiful patterns of glowing light in the sky called auroras.
Magnetic StormsDuring peaks of sunspot cycle, flares, and other solar activity,
strong bursts of charged particles are released into the solar wind
called magnetic storms.
-can cause power surges
-interfere with radio communication
-destroy orbiting satellite
-poses danger to astronauts
during space flights
S.S. Ch.11 Lesson 1
Mighty RiversChina’s rivers, the Huang He in the north and the Chang Jiang in the south,
helped develop civilizations
Yellow silt called loess give the Huang He it’s color and name, “Yellow River”
Chang Jiang, “Long River”, is also known as the Yangtze
Both of these rivers provide fertile lands for farming and also cause flooding
China can be divided into three different steps:
1. Western China is the highest
Himalayas and Plateau of f Tibet
Farther up, there are steppes (tall mountains, dry, treeless grasslands)
2. Central China is the middle step
Mountains and desert (Gobi desert)
3. Eastern China is the bottom step.
Varied climateNorthern part- cold, dry winter
Southern part- warm, rainy summers
As you travel from western China to eastern China, the climate gets wetter
Mountains, Plateaus, Deserts, and Plains
natural barriers made travel to and from China difficult
Mountains, rivers, and seas
Gobi and the Himalayas
Spread of ideas and goods were difficult
Because China was so big, they called it Tian Xia, “All Under Heaven”
Geography made ruling and governing difficult
A World Apart
Due to the size of China, each region had their own dialect but still shared same heritage
Legends or stories passed down
Pan Gu, the creator slept in an egg
When he came out, the upper halg became the heavens and the bottom
half of the shell became earth
The early Chinese believed
they were the world’s
only civilization.
Legendary Rulers
Shen Nong
Brought agriculture
Studied poisonous and medicinal herbs
Huang DiOrdered the creation of Chinese writing
Created carts, bows, houses, and arrows
Xilingshi
Huang Di’s wife
Invented silk
Yu the Great and the Great Flood
A flood endangered the people and to save the people, Yu the Great dug canals and controlled the floods for 13 years
Xia DynastyBegun by Yu’s son
Legends tell us what the people did, how they lived, and what they believed.
helped develop civilizations
Yellow silt called loess give the Huang He it’s color and name, “Yellow River”
Chang Jiang, “Long River”, is also known as the Yangtze
Both of these rivers provide fertile lands for farming and also cause flooding
China can be divided into three different steps:
1. Western China is the highest
Himalayas and Plateau of f Tibet
Farther up, there are steppes (tall mountains, dry, treeless grasslands)
2. Central China is the middle step
Mountains and desert (Gobi desert)
3. Eastern China is the bottom step.
Varied climateNorthern part- cold, dry winter
Southern part- warm, rainy summers
As you travel from western China to eastern China, the climate gets wetter
Mountains, Plateaus, Deserts, and Plains
natural barriers made travel to and from China difficult
Mountains, rivers, and seas
Gobi and the Himalayas
Spread of ideas and goods were difficult
Because China was so big, they called it Tian Xia, “All Under Heaven”
Geography made ruling and governing difficult
A World Apart
Due to the size of China, each region had their own dialect but still shared same heritage
Legends or stories passed down
Pan Gu, the creator slept in an egg
When he came out, the upper halg became the heavens and the bottom
half of the shell became earth
The early Chinese believed
they were the world’s
only civilization.
Legendary Rulers
Shen Nong
Brought agriculture
Studied poisonous and medicinal herbs
Huang DiOrdered the creation of Chinese writing
Created carts, bows, houses, and arrows
Xilingshi
Huang Di’s wife
Invented silk
Yu the Great and the Great Flood
A flood endangered the people and to save the people, Yu the Great dug canals and controlled the floods for 13 years
Xia DynastyBegun by Yu’s son
Legends tell us what the people did, how they lived, and what they believed.
Sunday, August 12, 2012
S.S. Ch.10 Lesson 4
The Struggle for United Rule
Ancient India was divided into many city-states with its each own ruler.
Kings fought one another to rule the Ganges River
Controlling the Ganges River meant controlling trade
No one ruler had united ancient India because of its geography
Peninsula and mountain ranges
The Struggle for United Rule
In 518 B.C., King Darius of Persian Empire led his army to India in search of new territory and plunder
They claimed lands in the Indus River Valley and western Punjab
In 327 B.C., Alexander led his troops into India but failed to conquer all of India
Chandragupta Maurya was an Indian ruler who defeated the Greeks and founded the Maurya Empire
He united the lands he conquered under his rule.
The Struggle for United Rule
The Maurya EmpireChandragupta Maurya formed a well organized empire
Cleared lands
Drained swamps
Improved roads
He funded all these activities by taxes
Ruling people lived well but common people suffered
He was a cruel ruler, who used Arthashastra as a guide
Chandragupta was hated by his people but expanded India across northern India
Fear of assassination, he slept in different rooms and had servants taste his food for poison
Chandragupta’s son, Bindusara, took over in 297 B.C.
He was also a cruel leader like his father
However, Ashoka (asoka), was one of the greatest rulers in ancient India
Reign of Ashoka
Ashoka united and extended the Maurya Empire into Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan
He was a cruel and violent ruler who experienced a turning point in life which turned him into a peaceful and loving Buddhist
He made many political and moral achievements
Established Buddhism as state religion
Sent out missionaries to spread Buddhism
Edicts- commands
Reign of Ashoka
Ashoka expanded the Empire. At first,
he was a cruel ruler. After, he became a
Buddhist, however, his reign became
noted for his political and moral
achievements.
Ancient India became a land of small kingdoms
In A.D. 320, the Gupta Empire began to rise
Rulers: Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Changdragupta II
They were not related to Changdragupta of the Maurya Empire
The period of the Gupta Empire has become to be known as India’s Golden Age
It was a time of peace, wealth, and great achievementIndia’s Golden AgeHinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism grew
Kalidasa
Best-known poet and plawright who wrote about love, war, and kings
Panchatantra(folktales)
Many artists worked on frescoes
Ajanta cave
Ancient temple in India that describes Buddha’s life
India’s Golden Age
In about A.D. 320, the Gupta Empire
began. India’s Golden Age of wealth
and cultural achievement occurred
during this time.
Indian Intellectual Achievements
Indian mathematics first used a base-ten number system called the Hindu-Arabic numerals
Doctors…
Developed ways of setting broken bones
Inoculations
Helped woman give birth
Ancient India was divided into many city-states with its each own ruler.
Kings fought one another to rule the Ganges River
Controlling the Ganges River meant controlling trade
No one ruler had united ancient India because of its geography
Peninsula and mountain ranges
The Struggle for United Rule
In 518 B.C., King Darius of Persian Empire led his army to India in search of new territory and plunder
They claimed lands in the Indus River Valley and western Punjab
In 327 B.C., Alexander led his troops into India but failed to conquer all of India
Chandragupta Maurya was an Indian ruler who defeated the Greeks and founded the Maurya Empire
He united the lands he conquered under his rule.
The Struggle for United Rule
The Maurya EmpireChandragupta Maurya formed a well organized empire
Cleared lands
Drained swamps
Improved roads
He funded all these activities by taxes
Ruling people lived well but common people suffered
He was a cruel ruler, who used Arthashastra as a guide
Chandragupta was hated by his people but expanded India across northern India
Fear of assassination, he slept in different rooms and had servants taste his food for poison
Chandragupta’s son, Bindusara, took over in 297 B.C.
He was also a cruel leader like his father
However, Ashoka (asoka), was one of the greatest rulers in ancient India
Reign of Ashoka
Ashoka united and extended the Maurya Empire into Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan
He was a cruel and violent ruler who experienced a turning point in life which turned him into a peaceful and loving Buddhist
He made many political and moral achievements
Established Buddhism as state religion
Sent out missionaries to spread Buddhism
Edicts- commands
Reign of Ashoka
Ashoka expanded the Empire. At first,
he was a cruel ruler. After, he became a
Buddhist, however, his reign became
noted for his political and moral
achievements.
Ancient India became a land of small kingdoms
In A.D. 320, the Gupta Empire began to rise
Rulers: Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Changdragupta II
They were not related to Changdragupta of the Maurya Empire
The period of the Gupta Empire has become to be known as India’s Golden Age
It was a time of peace, wealth, and great achievementIndia’s Golden AgeHinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism grew
Kalidasa
Best-known poet and plawright who wrote about love, war, and kings
Panchatantra(folktales)
Many artists worked on frescoes
Ajanta cave
Ancient temple in India that describes Buddha’s life
India’s Golden Age
In about A.D. 320, the Gupta Empire
began. India’s Golden Age of wealth
and cultural achievement occurred
during this time.
Indian Intellectual Achievements
Indian mathematics first used a base-ten number system called the Hindu-Arabic numerals
Doctors…
Developed ways of setting broken bones
Inoculations
Helped woman give birth
Saturday, August 11, 2012
SS Ch.10 Lesson 3
Chapter 10 Lesson 3
The Beginning of Buddhism
The Birth of Buddhism
By 600s B.C., reincarnation had become a very important idea in Hinduism
A person’s soul could return in a different form- human, animal or plant
In 500s B.C., Siddhartha Gautama introduced new ideas
If people were good and pure, they could break the cycle of reincarnation
This was the foundation of Buddhism
The Birth of Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama
Born to a royal family
Raised inside the royal palace as a rich prince
At 29, he ventured out of the palace. He saw for the first time, realities of human life, sickness, old age, poverty, and death
He meditated and searched for the answers of misery, and when he did, he became the Buddha, or “Enlightened One.”
The Birth of Buddhism
Teachings of Buddhism
Enlightenment: complete understanding of truth
Buddha’s teachings consisted of Four Noble Truth
First Noble Truth
Suffering is part of human life
Second Noble TruthWanting things is the root of all suffering
Third Noble Truth
The way out of suffering is becoming wise to not want things
Fourth Noble TruthGuide to proper living called Eightfold Path
Teachings of Buddhism
Eightfold Path
encourages people to live the Middle Way
Not too much, not too little
Meditation
Buddhism is different from Hinduism in that:
Doesn’t worship one or many gods
Open to people of all castes
No priests & holy language
Teachings of Buddhism
Buddhism accepted many Hindu ideas-
Reincarnation
Ahimsa, “nonviolence”
Led to vegetarianism
Jainism
Religion began by Vardhamana Mahavira
gave up all he owned to live religiously
also believed in reincarnation and ahimsa
Jainism follows the path of “three jewels”
Right faith
Right knowledge
Right conduct
Teachings of Buddhism
The Growth of Buddhism
Buddhist monks closely follow the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the Middle Way
Ashvaghosa wrote Buddha Charita, or Life of the Buddha
As time passed on, Hindusim regained popularity
Buddhism became popular in other places outside of India
Sri Lanka, China, Korea, central Asia, and Japan
Buddhism spread mainly through monks who followed closely
The Beginning of Buddhism
The Birth of Buddhism
By 600s B.C., reincarnation had become a very important idea in Hinduism
A person’s soul could return in a different form- human, animal or plant
In 500s B.C., Siddhartha Gautama introduced new ideas
If people were good and pure, they could break the cycle of reincarnation
This was the foundation of Buddhism
The Birth of Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama
Born to a royal family
Raised inside the royal palace as a rich prince
At 29, he ventured out of the palace. He saw for the first time, realities of human life, sickness, old age, poverty, and death
He meditated and searched for the answers of misery, and when he did, he became the Buddha, or “Enlightened One.”
The Birth of Buddhism
Teachings of Buddhism
Enlightenment: complete understanding of truth
Buddha’s teachings consisted of Four Noble Truth
First Noble Truth
Suffering is part of human life
Second Noble TruthWanting things is the root of all suffering
Third Noble Truth
The way out of suffering is becoming wise to not want things
Fourth Noble TruthGuide to proper living called Eightfold Path
Teachings of Buddhism
Eightfold Path
encourages people to live the Middle Way
Not too much, not too little
Meditation
Buddhism is different from Hinduism in that:
Doesn’t worship one or many gods
Open to people of all castes
No priests & holy language
Teachings of Buddhism
Buddhism accepted many Hindu ideas-
Reincarnation
Ahimsa, “nonviolence”
Led to vegetarianism
Jainism
Religion began by Vardhamana Mahavira
gave up all he owned to live religiously
also believed in reincarnation and ahimsa
Jainism follows the path of “three jewels”
Right faith
Right knowledge
Right conduct
Teachings of Buddhism
The Growth of Buddhism
Buddhist monks closely follow the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the Middle Way
Ashvaghosa wrote Buddha Charita, or Life of the Buddha
As time passed on, Hindusim regained popularity
Buddhism became popular in other places outside of India
Sri Lanka, China, Korea, central Asia, and Japan
Buddhism spread mainly through monks who followed closely
Friday, August 10, 2012
Science3.3
The gas giants have very deep atmospheres
The gas giants – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune – are made mainly of hydrogen, helium, and other gases.
The giants planet are so large and have such large amounts of these gases that they have a lot of mass. The huge gravitational force from such a large mass is enough to pull the gas particles close together and make the atmosphere very dense.
At first, the atmosphere of a giant planet is thin and cold with haze of gases. A little lower is a layer of clouds that reflect sunlight which causes strong winds and other weather patterns.
Lower down, it is warmer and there are layers of clouds of different materials. As you go farther, it becomes dense enough to call a liquid.
Scientists think that each of the four gas giants has a solid core, larger than Earth, deep in its center.
Jupiter is a world of storms and clouds.
*Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.
*It is more that 10 times larger than Earth in diameter and more than 1200 times larger in volume.
*If you could weigh the planet, all the other planets put together would weigh less than half as much as Jupiter.
*Even though it is big, Jupiter takes less than 10 hours to turn once on its axis. This fast rotation produces fast winds and stormy weather.
*Jupiter has many more bands than Earth does. Stripes of cold clouds form along the bands. The clouds look white because they are made of crystals that reflect sunlight. The lower clouds are brown or red and made of different chemicals. Sometimes there are clear patches of bluish clouds.
*long lasting storms can form between bands of winds that blow in opposite directions. Scientist are trying to find out which chemicals produce the spot’s reddish color.
Saturn has large rings
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun.
It is only a little smaller than Jupiter, but its mass is less than one-third that of Jupiter. As a result, Saturn has a much lower density than Jupiter.
Saturn was the first planet known to have rings. A planetary ring is a wide, flat zone of small particles that orbit a planet. Saturn’s rings are made of chunks of water ice. Saturn’s rings have bright and dark stripes that change over time.
Just like Earth, Saturn ‘s axis is tilted and you can look at Saturn’s rings to tell the seasons. A typical season will last more than seven Earth year.
Saturn is almost ten times farther from the Sun than Earth is, so it takes almost 30 Earth years to go around the Sun once.
Uranus and Neptune are extremely cold.
Uranus and Neptune are only about 15 percent hydrogen and helium. Most of the mass of each planet is made up of heavier gases, such as methane, ammonia, and water. So, Uranus and Neptune are more dense than Jupiter.
Uranus looks blue-green, and Neptune appears deep blue. Each planet has methane gas above a layer of white clouds. Methane gas absorbs red, orange, and yellow parts of sunlight, so each planet’s bluish color comes from the remaining green, blue and violet light that passes back out of the atmosphere.
The gas giants – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune – are made mainly of hydrogen, helium, and other gases.
The giants planet are so large and have such large amounts of these gases that they have a lot of mass. The huge gravitational force from such a large mass is enough to pull the gas particles close together and make the atmosphere very dense.
At first, the atmosphere of a giant planet is thin and cold with haze of gases. A little lower is a layer of clouds that reflect sunlight which causes strong winds and other weather patterns.
Lower down, it is warmer and there are layers of clouds of different materials. As you go farther, it becomes dense enough to call a liquid.
Scientists think that each of the four gas giants has a solid core, larger than Earth, deep in its center.
Jupiter is a world of storms and clouds.
*Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.
*It is more that 10 times larger than Earth in diameter and more than 1200 times larger in volume.
*If you could weigh the planet, all the other planets put together would weigh less than half as much as Jupiter.
*Even though it is big, Jupiter takes less than 10 hours to turn once on its axis. This fast rotation produces fast winds and stormy weather.
*Jupiter has many more bands than Earth does. Stripes of cold clouds form along the bands. The clouds look white because they are made of crystals that reflect sunlight. The lower clouds are brown or red and made of different chemicals. Sometimes there are clear patches of bluish clouds.
*long lasting storms can form between bands of winds that blow in opposite directions. Scientist are trying to find out which chemicals produce the spot’s reddish color.
Saturn has large rings
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun.
It is only a little smaller than Jupiter, but its mass is less than one-third that of Jupiter. As a result, Saturn has a much lower density than Jupiter.
Saturn was the first planet known to have rings. A planetary ring is a wide, flat zone of small particles that orbit a planet. Saturn’s rings are made of chunks of water ice. Saturn’s rings have bright and dark stripes that change over time.
Just like Earth, Saturn ‘s axis is tilted and you can look at Saturn’s rings to tell the seasons. A typical season will last more than seven Earth year.
Saturn is almost ten times farther from the Sun than Earth is, so it takes almost 30 Earth years to go around the Sun once.
Uranus and Neptune are extremely cold.
Uranus and Neptune are only about 15 percent hydrogen and helium. Most of the mass of each planet is made up of heavier gases, such as methane, ammonia, and water. So, Uranus and Neptune are more dense than Jupiter.
Uranus looks blue-green, and Neptune appears deep blue. Each planet has methane gas above a layer of white clouds. Methane gas absorbs red, orange, and yellow parts of sunlight, so each planet’s bluish color comes from the remaining green, blue and violet light that passes back out of the atmosphere.
Thursday, August 9, 2012
Science 3.1
Planets have different sizes and distances
You may have seen planet Venus, Mars, Jupiter, or Saturn but it is difficult to see Mercury, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Some planets can be seen because they reflect sunlight.
Distances
Astronomers use astronomical unit, or AU, to measure the average distance of Earth from the Sun. An AU is about 150million kilometers.
Mercury is less than 0.5 AU from the Sun
Jupiter is about 5 AU from the Sun
Pluto gets nearly 50AU from the Sun at times.
The planets are spaced unevenly. They move around the Sun and the first four planets that are close to the Sun define a region called the inner solar system.
The solar system formed from a swirling cloud of gas and dust.
The planets all orbit the Sun counterclockwise and most of them rotate on their axes in this direction.
According to the best scientific model, the solar system formed out of a huge cloud of different gases and specks of dust.
The most of the mass fell to the center and became the Sun.
At the same time, tiny bits of dust and frozen gases in the disk stuck together into clumps and large clumps became planets.
Some of the objects close to the Sun are like rocks or mountains in space and are called asteroids. Other objects, farther from the Sun, are more like enormous snowballs or icebergs. (comets)
depending of its shape, you can understand the size of an object in space.
* Lumpy objects->smaller than round objects
The gravity of each part affects every other part. The pieces pull each other closer and when an object has enough mass, pulling becomes strong enough to make the object round. Any parts that would stick far out are pulled in toward the center until the object becomes a sphere.
You may have seen planet Venus, Mars, Jupiter, or Saturn but it is difficult to see Mercury, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Some planets can be seen because they reflect sunlight.
Distances
Astronomers use astronomical unit, or AU, to measure the average distance of Earth from the Sun. An AU is about 150million kilometers.
Mercury is less than 0.5 AU from the Sun
Jupiter is about 5 AU from the Sun
Pluto gets nearly 50AU from the Sun at times.
The planets are spaced unevenly. They move around the Sun and the first four planets that are close to the Sun define a region called the inner solar system.
The solar system formed from a swirling cloud of gas and dust.
The planets all orbit the Sun counterclockwise and most of them rotate on their axes in this direction.
According to the best scientific model, the solar system formed out of a huge cloud of different gases and specks of dust.
The most of the mass fell to the center and became the Sun.
At the same time, tiny bits of dust and frozen gases in the disk stuck together into clumps and large clumps became planets.
Some of the objects close to the Sun are like rocks or mountains in space and are called asteroids. Other objects, farther from the Sun, are more like enormous snowballs or icebergs. (comets)
depending of its shape, you can understand the size of an object in space.
* Lumpy objects->smaller than round objects
The gravity of each part affects every other part. The pieces pull each other closer and when an object has enough mass, pulling becomes strong enough to make the object round. Any parts that would stick far out are pulled in toward the center until the object becomes a sphere.
Wednesday, August 8, 2012
SS Ch.10 Lesson 2
The Aryan MigrationsAryans began waves of migrations from the dry plains near the Black and Caspian Seas to the Indian subcontinent
Aryans, “noble”, traveled across Mesopotamia and Persian to reach the east.
They began settling on the Punjab Plain, which is Pakistan today
They herded and lived in family tribes ruled by warrior chiefs
By the time the migrations ended, a new civilization had developed across the Punjab and Ganges plains
The Aryans migrated to the Punjab
and Ganges Plains. Over time,
their nomadic culture became
a farming culture.
Influences on Indian Culture
The Aryans influence on India today:-Sanskrit-Vedas (knowledge): formed foundation of Indian religion
Four vedas -Vedas contains:
Hymns
Tales
Lessons
Battle songs
Influences on Indian CultureMahabharata-A poem 200,000 lines long
-Within it, the Bagavad Gita is the best-known part
Bahagad VitaDescribes discussion between god and Vedic warrior
Brahmanas“preistly books”
BrahmanismFormed by the Vedas - Ancient Indian religion
India’s Classes
Warrior chief called a raja(rajah) governed each tribe
Divided into two classes:
Nobles and commoners
A third class made up of descendents of the ancient people of India
India’s Classes by 1000BC:
Indian society included 4 main classes
Brahmans (head)Priests and scholars
Kshatriyas (arms)Rulers and warriors
Vaisyas (body and legs)Farmers, traders, and merchants
Sudras (feet)Servants and laborers
Within classes, castes existed
People from different castes had little contact with one another
People beneath the caste system were called the untouchables
Ideas of HinduismMost important Hindu gods are:
Brahma, the Creator
Vishnu, the Preserver
Shiva, the Destroyer
The Upanishads are the most ancient Hindu literature
The basic belief of Hinduism is that people and animals have a soul, or atman
Hinduism evolved from earlier religions. Hindus believe that Dharma and Karma affect how a person will be reincarnated.
Aryans, “noble”, traveled across Mesopotamia and Persian to reach the east.
They began settling on the Punjab Plain, which is Pakistan today
They herded and lived in family tribes ruled by warrior chiefs
By the time the migrations ended, a new civilization had developed across the Punjab and Ganges plains
The Aryans migrated to the Punjab
and Ganges Plains. Over time,
their nomadic culture became
a farming culture.
Influences on Indian Culture
The Aryans influence on India today:-Sanskrit-Vedas (knowledge): formed foundation of Indian religion
Four vedas -Vedas contains:
Hymns
Tales
Lessons
Battle songs
Influences on Indian CultureMahabharata-A poem 200,000 lines long
-Within it, the Bagavad Gita is the best-known part
Bahagad VitaDescribes discussion between god and Vedic warrior
Brahmanas“preistly books”
BrahmanismFormed by the Vedas - Ancient Indian religion
India’s Classes
Warrior chief called a raja(rajah) governed each tribe
Divided into two classes:
Nobles and commoners
A third class made up of descendents of the ancient people of India
India’s Classes by 1000BC:
Indian society included 4 main classes
Brahmans (head)Priests and scholars
Kshatriyas (arms)Rulers and warriors
Vaisyas (body and legs)Farmers, traders, and merchants
Sudras (feet)Servants and laborers
Within classes, castes existed
People from different castes had little contact with one another
People beneath the caste system were called the untouchables
Ideas of HinduismMost important Hindu gods are:
Brahma, the Creator
Vishnu, the Preserver
Shiva, the Destroyer
The Upanishads are the most ancient Hindu literature
The basic belief of Hinduism is that people and animals have a soul, or atman
Hinduism evolved from earlier religions. Hindus believe that Dharma and Karma affect how a person will be reincarnated.
Wednesday, August 1, 2012
SS Ch.10 Lesson 1
The Indian Subcontinent
Ancient India -> Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh
The tallest mountains in the world, The Himalayas, separate the Indian subcontinent and Asia
The northern plains
Flat, low land with fertile plains
The Deccan
High, hilly land
The Indus and Ganges River both lie in the northern plains
Carved wide river plains
Importance of Floods
Indian rivers often flooded during
summer monsoon. The floods were
harmful, but they also deposited fresh
silt on the farmlands,
creating the fertile soil.
Well-Planned Cities
The people of the Indus River Valley built farming village on large mounds of mud and stones to keep above the flood level
Three largest cities1. Harappa
2. Lothal
3. Mojenjo- Daro
Indus River Valley often called Harappan civilization
Well-Planned Cities
Each city-state had a grid divided into blocks of brick building
Each had a citadel
Inside the walls-
Government building, palaces, religious buildings, and granaries
City-states used same script, units for measuring length and weight, leading scholars to believe that they were linked in some way
Harappan Trade
Harappan civilization traded cloth, figurines, pots, jewelry, and tools for timber, grain, and metalsThey marked their goods with stone seals with writings and drawings of animals
Trade was important to Harappan cities.
Harappan goods were traded
as far away as central Asia,
Mesopotamia, and the Persian Gulf.
Mohenjo-Daro
The city was a model of thoughtful planning, which suggests that they had a strong government
35,000 people lived in Mohenjo-Daro
Wealthy people lived in multi floor brick houses
Most people lived in huts
Most homes had separate rooms for cooking, sleeping, and bathing
The best known Indus city is
Mohenjo-Daro. Mohenjo-Daro and
the Harappan civilization declined
after 1750 B.C. Possible reasons
are floods, invaders, and earthquakes.
Ancient India -> Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh
The tallest mountains in the world, The Himalayas, separate the Indian subcontinent and Asia
The northern plains
Flat, low land with fertile plains
The Deccan
High, hilly land
The Indus and Ganges River both lie in the northern plains
Carved wide river plains
Importance of Floods
Indian rivers often flooded during
summer monsoon. The floods were
harmful, but they also deposited fresh
silt on the farmlands,
creating the fertile soil.
Well-Planned Cities
The people of the Indus River Valley built farming village on large mounds of mud and stones to keep above the flood level
Three largest cities1. Harappa
2. Lothal
3. Mojenjo- Daro
Indus River Valley often called Harappan civilization
Well-Planned Cities
Each city-state had a grid divided into blocks of brick building
Each had a citadel
Inside the walls-
Government building, palaces, religious buildings, and granaries
City-states used same script, units for measuring length and weight, leading scholars to believe that they were linked in some way
Harappan Trade
Harappan civilization traded cloth, figurines, pots, jewelry, and tools for timber, grain, and metalsThey marked their goods with stone seals with writings and drawings of animals
Trade was important to Harappan cities.
Harappan goods were traded
as far away as central Asia,
Mesopotamia, and the Persian Gulf.
Mohenjo-Daro
The city was a model of thoughtful planning, which suggests that they had a strong government
35,000 people lived in Mohenjo-Daro
Wealthy people lived in multi floor brick houses
Most people lived in huts
Most homes had separate rooms for cooking, sleeping, and bathing
The best known Indus city is
Mohenjo-Daro. Mohenjo-Daro and
the Harappan civilization declined
after 1750 B.C. Possible reasons
are floods, invaders, and earthquakes.
Tuesday, July 31, 2012
Javascript hyperlink to learn more about motion of the Earth
Copy the javascript below to your window address bar.
http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/spacesciences/observingsky/motion4.htm
http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/spacesciences/observingsky/motion4.htm
Monday, July 23, 2012
Friday, July 20, 2012
Science 2.1
2.1 Earth rotates on tilted axis and orbits the Sun
Earth’s rotation causes day and night.
Earth’s gravity pulls objects toward the center of Earth. You are turning as Earth turns. You keep the same position with respect to what is below your feet, but the view above your head changes.
*No matter where the person stand, the direction of down will be toward Earth’s center
Earth rotates around axis of rotationThe ends of the axis are the north and south poles.
Earth turns on its axis in 24hours. When a location is in sunlight, it is daytime and night when a location is in darkness. When a location is in the middle of the sunlit side, it is noon and midnight when the location is in the middle of the unlit side.
Earth’s tilted axis and orbit cause seasons
The gravity causes Earth and other objects near the Sun to be pulled toward the Sun’s center. Earth moves sideways, at nearly a right angle to the Sun’s direction.
*It takes a year for Earth to orbit the Sun once.
*In astronomy, a revolution is the motion of one object around another and can also mean the time it takes an object to go around once.
*Earth rotates at about a 23 angle, or tilt, from this lined up position.
*Earth’s orbit is not quite a perfect circle. In January, Earth is closer to the Sun than it is in July. However, the combination of Earth’ motion around the Sun with the tilt of Earth’s axis does cause important changes of temperature.
Angles of Sunlight
The Angles of sunlight change with the seasons. Energy from sunlight is most concentrated when the Sun is high in the sky, resulting in shorter shadows. Because the sunlight is more concentrated, more of the Sun's energy warms the ground. When the Sun is lower in the sky, sunlight is less concentrated, shadows are longer, and less of the Sun's energy warms the ground
Near the equator, the noonday Sun is almost overhead every day, so the ground is warmed strongly year round. In the middle latitudes, the noon Sun is high in the sky only during part of the year. In winter the noon Sun is low and warms the ground less strongly.
Lengths of Days
Lengths of days change with the seasons.
The greatest changes occur near the poles, which experience six months of daylight and then six months of darkness.
The least amount of change occurs at the equator, where periods of daylight and darkness are almost equal all year long.
Earth’s rotation causes day and night.
Earth’s gravity pulls objects toward the center of Earth. You are turning as Earth turns. You keep the same position with respect to what is below your feet, but the view above your head changes.
*No matter where the person stand, the direction of down will be toward Earth’s center
Earth rotates around axis of rotationThe ends of the axis are the north and south poles.
Earth turns on its axis in 24hours. When a location is in sunlight, it is daytime and night when a location is in darkness. When a location is in the middle of the sunlit side, it is noon and midnight when the location is in the middle of the unlit side.
Earth’s tilted axis and orbit cause seasons
The gravity causes Earth and other objects near the Sun to be pulled toward the Sun’s center. Earth moves sideways, at nearly a right angle to the Sun’s direction.
*It takes a year for Earth to orbit the Sun once.
*In astronomy, a revolution is the motion of one object around another and can also mean the time it takes an object to go around once.
*Earth rotates at about a 23 angle, or tilt, from this lined up position.
*Earth’s orbit is not quite a perfect circle. In January, Earth is closer to the Sun than it is in July. However, the combination of Earth’ motion around the Sun with the tilt of Earth’s axis does cause important changes of temperature.
Angles of Sunlight
The Angles of sunlight change with the seasons. Energy from sunlight is most concentrated when the Sun is high in the sky, resulting in shorter shadows. Because the sunlight is more concentrated, more of the Sun's energy warms the ground. When the Sun is lower in the sky, sunlight is less concentrated, shadows are longer, and less of the Sun's energy warms the ground
Near the equator, the noonday Sun is almost overhead every day, so the ground is warmed strongly year round. In the middle latitudes, the noon Sun is high in the sky only during part of the year. In winter the noon Sun is low and warms the ground less strongly.
Lengths of Days
Lengths of days change with the seasons.
The greatest changes occur near the poles, which experience six months of daylight and then six months of darkness.
The least amount of change occurs at the equator, where periods of daylight and darkness are almost equal all year long.
Monday, July 16, 2012
SS Ch.9 Lesson3
The Peloponnesian War Begins
400s B.C.
Athens and Sparta were most powerful Greek city-states
Athens wanted greater power over the other city-states
This rivalry led to a long series of battles known as the Peloponnesian Wars
Athens controlled the city-states within the Delian League
Used wealth to strengthen their defense walls, The Long Walls
The Peloponnesian War Begins
The Long Walls protected the movement of grains and good from the port to the city.
The growing of Athens navy and rule over city-states alarmed Sparta
The tensions exploded into war for the next 15 years both experiencing defeats and victories
The Peloponnesian War Begins
In 445 B.C., both sides agreed to sign the Thirty Years Peace
The Treaty did not resolved bad feelings between them and it did NOT last for 30 years…
The Peloponnesian War Begins
Renewed FightingAfter 14 years of signing the treaty, war broke out again and this time it lasted for 27 years
Golden Age of Athens came to an end
When Attica was attacked, people flooded to Athens for safety, shelter, and food
A plague weakened and killed many Athenians including Pericles
After Pericles, many leaders known as demagogues ruled
Demagogues: popular leaders who told the people what they wanted to hear
Sparta built it’s navy with the help of the Persians and attacked a fleet near Hellespont and destroyed it.
Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 B.C.
The Thirty Tyrants
Spartans broke up the Athenian
Empire and took control of the
Athenian government. Instead of
democratic rule, Athens was ruled by
a dictatorial oligarchy, known as the
Thirty Tyrants.
Athens Regains Independence
Exiled Athenians received help from other city-states
An exiled Athenian general along with the help of Thebans, they recaptured the port of Piraeus
In the battle, the leader of Thirty Tyrants died
Sparta realized what the Thirty Tyrants had done was cruel and so they refused to help
Athens Regains Independence
The Three Thousand of Athens regained control.
A new Athenian council took control
Athens Regains Independence
Competition Among City-States
The Corinthian Alliance consisted of Corinth, Athens, and Argos
They tried to defeat Sparta but was unsuccessful
Athens and 70 other city-states defeated Sparta and broke up the Peloponnesian League
Helots were freed to return home to Messene
Competition for power and wealth made Greece unstable
400s B.C.
Athens and Sparta were most powerful Greek city-states
Athens wanted greater power over the other city-states
This rivalry led to a long series of battles known as the Peloponnesian Wars
Athens controlled the city-states within the Delian League
Used wealth to strengthen their defense walls, The Long Walls
The Peloponnesian War Begins
The Long Walls protected the movement of grains and good from the port to the city.
The growing of Athens navy and rule over city-states alarmed Sparta
The tensions exploded into war for the next 15 years both experiencing defeats and victories
The Peloponnesian War Begins
In 445 B.C., both sides agreed to sign the Thirty Years Peace
The Treaty did not resolved bad feelings between them and it did NOT last for 30 years…
The Peloponnesian War Begins
Renewed FightingAfter 14 years of signing the treaty, war broke out again and this time it lasted for 27 years
Golden Age of Athens came to an end
When Attica was attacked, people flooded to Athens for safety, shelter, and food
A plague weakened and killed many Athenians including Pericles
After Pericles, many leaders known as demagogues ruled
Demagogues: popular leaders who told the people what they wanted to hear
Sparta built it’s navy with the help of the Persians and attacked a fleet near Hellespont and destroyed it.
Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 B.C.
The Thirty Tyrants
Spartans broke up the Athenian
Empire and took control of the
Athenian government. Instead of
democratic rule, Athens was ruled by
a dictatorial oligarchy, known as the
Thirty Tyrants.
Athens Regains Independence
Exiled Athenians received help from other city-states
An exiled Athenian general along with the help of Thebans, they recaptured the port of Piraeus
In the battle, the leader of Thirty Tyrants died
Sparta realized what the Thirty Tyrants had done was cruel and so they refused to help
Athens Regains Independence
The Three Thousand of Athens regained control.
A new Athenian council took control
Athens Regains Independence
Competition Among City-States
The Corinthian Alliance consisted of Corinth, Athens, and Argos
They tried to defeat Sparta but was unsuccessful
Athens and 70 other city-states defeated Sparta and broke up the Peloponnesian League
Helots were freed to return home to Messene
Competition for power and wealth made Greece unstable
Sunday, July 15, 2012
Science 1.4
Atmosphere
Through studying bodies in space, we also learn about Earth’s atmosphere.
e.g. By comparing Earth with planets close to Earth (Mars and Venus), we can see how liquid water has affected the development of Earth’s atmosphere.
e.g. Scientist also learn how changes visible on the sun’s surface can cause periods of cooling.
Space exploration provided us with technology that makes life on Earth easier.
Satellites collect data from every region of our planet. The data are sent to receivers on Earth and converted into images. Scientist have learned from the space program how to enhance such images to gain more information.
Weather satellites – scientist can provide warnings of dangerous storms long before they strike populated areas.
Other satellites – used for wildlife preservation, conservation of natural resources and mapping.
Technology spinoffs
NASA often creates advanced technology to meet the special demands of space travel.
Design techniques developed to meet the need of spacecraft have improved devices used on Earth. (tools for diagnosing diseases, devices that help people overcome disabilities, protective suit for firefighters, systems for purifying air, water, and food. )
Saturday, July 14, 2012
Science 1.3
1.3 Space craft helps us explore beyond Earth
Orbiting Earth
After 1991, the Russian space agency and
NASA began to act as partners.
*The first space station (a satellite in which people can live and work for long periods) was launched in the early 1970s.
*Russian and U.S. astronauts carried out joint missions aboard Mir, the Russian space station . The Mir missions helped prepare for the ISS which began in 1998.
ISS (International Space Station)
The first three member crew arrived at the station in 2000 and performed experiments. i.e – they were able to grow cell tissue more easily in space than they can on Earth.
Research and technological advances from the space station may lay the groundwork for new space exploration.
One of the advantage of
space shuttles over earlier
spacecraft is that they can be
reused.
Flybys
The first stage in space exploration is to send out a spacecraft that passes one or more planets or other bodies in space without orbiting them.
After a flyby spacecraft leaves Earth’s orbit, controllers on Earth can use the spacecraft’s small rockets to adjust its direction.
As a flyby spacecraft passes a planet, the planet’s gravity can be used to change the spacecraft’s speed or direction.
Many complex mathematical calculations are needed for a flyby mission to be successful. The period of time when a spacecraft can be launched is called a launch window.
OrbitersThe second stage in space exploration is to study a planet over a long period of time. These tasks are done by orbiters.
An orbiter can keep track of changes that occur over time, such as changes in weather and volcanic activity. They allow astronomers to create detailed maps of planets and some are designed to explore moons or other bodies in space instead of planets.
Landers and Probes
The third stage in space exploration is to land instruments on a planet or to send instruments through its atmosphere.
A lander is a craft designed to land on planet’s surface.
After a lander touches down, controllers on Earth can send it commands to collect data.
A lander may also contain a small vehicle called a rover, which can explore beyond the landing site.
Mars Pathfinder in 1997 sent back thousands of photographs. The images provided evidence that water once flowed over the surface of Mars.
The term probe is often used to describe a spacecraft that drops into a planet’s atmosphere. As the probe travels through the atmosphere its instruments identify gases and measure properties such as pressure and temperature.
A lander or a probe can work in combination with an orbiter.
Orbiting Earth
After 1991, the Russian space agency and
NASA began to act as partners.
*The first space station (a satellite in which people can live and work for long periods) was launched in the early 1970s.
*Russian and U.S. astronauts carried out joint missions aboard Mir, the Russian space station . The Mir missions helped prepare for the ISS which began in 1998.
ISS (International Space Station)
The first three member crew arrived at the station in 2000 and performed experiments. i.e – they were able to grow cell tissue more easily in space than they can on Earth.
Research and technological advances from the space station may lay the groundwork for new space exploration.
One of the advantage of
space shuttles over earlier
spacecraft is that they can be
reused.
Flybys
The first stage in space exploration is to send out a spacecraft that passes one or more planets or other bodies in space without orbiting them.
After a flyby spacecraft leaves Earth’s orbit, controllers on Earth can use the spacecraft’s small rockets to adjust its direction.
As a flyby spacecraft passes a planet, the planet’s gravity can be used to change the spacecraft’s speed or direction.
Many complex mathematical calculations are needed for a flyby mission to be successful. The period of time when a spacecraft can be launched is called a launch window.
OrbitersThe second stage in space exploration is to study a planet over a long period of time. These tasks are done by orbiters.
An orbiter can keep track of changes that occur over time, such as changes in weather and volcanic activity. They allow astronomers to create detailed maps of planets and some are designed to explore moons or other bodies in space instead of planets.
Landers and Probes
The third stage in space exploration is to land instruments on a planet or to send instruments through its atmosphere.
A lander is a craft designed to land on planet’s surface.
After a lander touches down, controllers on Earth can send it commands to collect data.
A lander may also contain a small vehicle called a rover, which can explore beyond the landing site.
Mars Pathfinder in 1997 sent back thousands of photographs. The images provided evidence that water once flowed over the surface of Mars.
The term probe is often used to describe a spacecraft that drops into a planet’s atmosphere. As the probe travels through the atmosphere its instruments identify gases and measure properties such as pressure and temperature.
A lander or a probe can work in combination with an orbiter.
Tuesday, July 3, 2012
Monday, July 2, 2012
Ancient Civilization Ch.9 Lesson1
A Time of Glory in Athens
The Persian Wars
Greek city-states rebelled against Persia and during the uprising, they burned Sardis, the western capital of Persian EmpireGreek city-states united to fight against the Persian Empire
Darius I landed near the plain of Marathon and outnumbered the Athenians two to one
The Athenians asked Sparta for help but they feared Spartans would arrive too late and so the Athenian general devised a strategic plan to defeat the Persians.
Greek Victories
Persian emperor Xerxes, son of Darius I, was faced by a small Greek force at a mountain pass called Thermopylae.
The Persians broke through and set Athens on fire.
However, the Athenian navy was ready to face the Persians in a narrow straight between the Greek coastline and the island of Salamis.
Although the Greeks were outnumbered, the smaller Greek ships defeated the Persians in the narrow straight and sent Xerxes back to Asia Minor.
On land, the Spartans had been victorious in the Battle of Plataea
After the Persian wars, 15- Greek city-states formed the Delian League
The Delian Leagues won many victories, with Sparta and Athens contributing to win but conflict arose between the two city-states
Emperor Xerxes of Persia almost conquered the Greeks. In key victories, however, the Athenian
navy defeated the Persians at sea, and the Spartans beat them on land
Democracy in AthensCleisthenes made reforms to help Athens form a democracy
Direct democracy: all male Athenians over 18 were allowed to vote while woman and slaves were not
Veto ( A council proposed laws to the assembly, which would accept or veto them by majority.)
Representative democracy: citizens elect people to make decisions
Pericles made a more democratic reform
He believed all citizens, rich and poor, should be able to serve equally in government
The Golden Age
A time of great cultural achievement in Athens is known as the Golden Age
Athens continued to receive tribute from members of the Delian League
Pericles worked hard to make Athens an example of Greece
Greeks advanced in art, poetry, education, philosophy, science, and mathematics, and medicine
During the Golden Age of Athens, leaders built grand public buildings to celebrate Athenian democracy
and culture. It was a time of artistic, scholarly, and economic growth.
The Persian Wars
Greek city-states rebelled against Persia and during the uprising, they burned Sardis, the western capital of Persian EmpireGreek city-states united to fight against the Persian Empire
Darius I landed near the plain of Marathon and outnumbered the Athenians two to one
The Athenians asked Sparta for help but they feared Spartans would arrive too late and so the Athenian general devised a strategic plan to defeat the Persians.
Greek Victories
Persian emperor Xerxes, son of Darius I, was faced by a small Greek force at a mountain pass called Thermopylae.
The Persians broke through and set Athens on fire.
However, the Athenian navy was ready to face the Persians in a narrow straight between the Greek coastline and the island of Salamis.
Although the Greeks were outnumbered, the smaller Greek ships defeated the Persians in the narrow straight and sent Xerxes back to Asia Minor.
On land, the Spartans had been victorious in the Battle of Plataea
After the Persian wars, 15- Greek city-states formed the Delian League
The Delian Leagues won many victories, with Sparta and Athens contributing to win but conflict arose between the two city-states
Emperor Xerxes of Persia almost conquered the Greeks. In key victories, however, the Athenian
navy defeated the Persians at sea, and the Spartans beat them on land
Democracy in AthensCleisthenes made reforms to help Athens form a democracy
Direct democracy: all male Athenians over 18 were allowed to vote while woman and slaves were not
Veto ( A council proposed laws to the assembly, which would accept or veto them by majority.)
Representative democracy: citizens elect people to make decisions
Pericles made a more democratic reform
He believed all citizens, rich and poor, should be able to serve equally in government
The Golden Age
A time of great cultural achievement in Athens is known as the Golden Age
Athens continued to receive tribute from members of the Delian League
Pericles worked hard to make Athens an example of Greece
Greeks advanced in art, poetry, education, philosophy, science, and mathematics, and medicine
During the Golden Age of Athens, leaders built grand public buildings to celebrate Athenian democracy
and culture. It was a time of artistic, scholarly, and economic growth.
Sunday, July 1, 2012
Space Science 1.1
The sky seems to turn as Earth rotates
You cannot see all of the constellations at once, because Earth blocks half of space from your view.
You can see a parade of constellations each night as Earth rotates because stars move from east to west. If you extended the North Pole into space, it would point almost exactly to a star called Polaris, or the North Star. You can use Polaris to figure out direction and location.
The movements of planets and other nearby objects are visible from Earth.
Stars are always moving , but they are so far away that you cannot see their movements.
By contrast, the Moon moves across the star background a distance equal to its width every hour as it orbits Earth. The planet’s gradual movements are visible among the constellations over a period of weeks or month.
The apparent movement of the sky led early astronomers to believe that Earth was at the center of the universe. Later astronomers discovered that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.
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