Sunday, August 12, 2012
S.S. Ch.10 Lesson 4
The Struggle for United Rule
Ancient India was divided into many city-states with its each own ruler.
Kings fought one another to rule the Ganges River
Controlling the Ganges River meant controlling trade
No one ruler had united ancient India because of its geography
Peninsula and mountain ranges
The Struggle for United Rule
In 518 B.C., King Darius of Persian Empire led his army to India in search of new territory and plunder
They claimed lands in the Indus River Valley and western Punjab
In 327 B.C., Alexander led his troops into India but failed to conquer all of India
Chandragupta Maurya was an Indian ruler who defeated the Greeks and founded the Maurya Empire
He united the lands he conquered under his rule.
The Struggle for United Rule
The Maurya EmpireChandragupta Maurya formed a well organized empire
Cleared lands
Drained swamps
Improved roads
He funded all these activities by taxes
Ruling people lived well but common people suffered
He was a cruel ruler, who used Arthashastra as a guide
Chandragupta was hated by his people but expanded India across northern India
Fear of assassination, he slept in different rooms and had servants taste his food for poison
Chandragupta’s son, Bindusara, took over in 297 B.C.
He was also a cruel leader like his father
However, Ashoka (asoka), was one of the greatest rulers in ancient India
Reign of Ashoka
Ashoka united and extended the Maurya Empire into Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan
He was a cruel and violent ruler who experienced a turning point in life which turned him into a peaceful and loving Buddhist
He made many political and moral achievements
Established Buddhism as state religion
Sent out missionaries to spread Buddhism
Edicts- commands
Reign of Ashoka
Ashoka expanded the Empire. At first,
he was a cruel ruler. After, he became a
Buddhist, however, his reign became
noted for his political and moral
achievements.
Ancient India became a land of small kingdoms
In A.D. 320, the Gupta Empire began to rise
Rulers: Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Changdragupta II
They were not related to Changdragupta of the Maurya Empire
The period of the Gupta Empire has become to be known as India’s Golden Age
It was a time of peace, wealth, and great achievementIndia’s Golden AgeHinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism grew
Kalidasa
Best-known poet and plawright who wrote about love, war, and kings
Panchatantra(folktales)
Many artists worked on frescoes
Ajanta cave
Ancient temple in India that describes Buddha’s life
India’s Golden Age
In about A.D. 320, the Gupta Empire
began. India’s Golden Age of wealth
and cultural achievement occurred
during this time.
Indian Intellectual Achievements
Indian mathematics first used a base-ten number system called the Hindu-Arabic numerals
Doctors…
Developed ways of setting broken bones
Inoculations
Helped woman give birth
Ancient India was divided into many city-states with its each own ruler.
Kings fought one another to rule the Ganges River
Controlling the Ganges River meant controlling trade
No one ruler had united ancient India because of its geography
Peninsula and mountain ranges
The Struggle for United Rule
In 518 B.C., King Darius of Persian Empire led his army to India in search of new territory and plunder
They claimed lands in the Indus River Valley and western Punjab
In 327 B.C., Alexander led his troops into India but failed to conquer all of India
Chandragupta Maurya was an Indian ruler who defeated the Greeks and founded the Maurya Empire
He united the lands he conquered under his rule.
The Struggle for United Rule
The Maurya EmpireChandragupta Maurya formed a well organized empire
Cleared lands
Drained swamps
Improved roads
He funded all these activities by taxes
Ruling people lived well but common people suffered
He was a cruel ruler, who used Arthashastra as a guide
Chandragupta was hated by his people but expanded India across northern India
Fear of assassination, he slept in different rooms and had servants taste his food for poison
Chandragupta’s son, Bindusara, took over in 297 B.C.
He was also a cruel leader like his father
However, Ashoka (asoka), was one of the greatest rulers in ancient India
Reign of Ashoka
Ashoka united and extended the Maurya Empire into Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan
He was a cruel and violent ruler who experienced a turning point in life which turned him into a peaceful and loving Buddhist
He made many political and moral achievements
Established Buddhism as state religion
Sent out missionaries to spread Buddhism
Edicts- commands
Reign of Ashoka
Ashoka expanded the Empire. At first,
he was a cruel ruler. After, he became a
Buddhist, however, his reign became
noted for his political and moral
achievements.
Ancient India became a land of small kingdoms
In A.D. 320, the Gupta Empire began to rise
Rulers: Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Changdragupta II
They were not related to Changdragupta of the Maurya Empire
The period of the Gupta Empire has become to be known as India’s Golden Age
It was a time of peace, wealth, and great achievementIndia’s Golden AgeHinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism grew
Kalidasa
Best-known poet and plawright who wrote about love, war, and kings
Panchatantra(folktales)
Many artists worked on frescoes
Ajanta cave
Ancient temple in India that describes Buddha’s life
India’s Golden Age
In about A.D. 320, the Gupta Empire
began. India’s Golden Age of wealth
and cultural achievement occurred
during this time.
Indian Intellectual Achievements
Indian mathematics first used a base-ten number system called the Hindu-Arabic numerals
Doctors…
Developed ways of setting broken bones
Inoculations
Helped woman give birth
Saturday, August 11, 2012
SS Ch.10 Lesson 3
Chapter 10 Lesson 3
The Beginning of Buddhism
The Birth of Buddhism
By 600s B.C., reincarnation had become a very important idea in Hinduism
A person’s soul could return in a different form- human, animal or plant
In 500s B.C., Siddhartha Gautama introduced new ideas
If people were good and pure, they could break the cycle of reincarnation
This was the foundation of Buddhism
The Birth of Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama
Born to a royal family
Raised inside the royal palace as a rich prince
At 29, he ventured out of the palace. He saw for the first time, realities of human life, sickness, old age, poverty, and death
He meditated and searched for the answers of misery, and when he did, he became the Buddha, or “Enlightened One.”
The Birth of Buddhism
Teachings of Buddhism
Enlightenment: complete understanding of truth
Buddha’s teachings consisted of Four Noble Truth
First Noble Truth
Suffering is part of human life
Second Noble TruthWanting things is the root of all suffering
Third Noble Truth
The way out of suffering is becoming wise to not want things
Fourth Noble TruthGuide to proper living called Eightfold Path
Teachings of Buddhism
Eightfold Path
encourages people to live the Middle Way
Not too much, not too little
Meditation
Buddhism is different from Hinduism in that:
Doesn’t worship one or many gods
Open to people of all castes
No priests & holy language
Teachings of Buddhism
Buddhism accepted many Hindu ideas-
Reincarnation
Ahimsa, “nonviolence”
Led to vegetarianism
Jainism
Religion began by Vardhamana Mahavira
gave up all he owned to live religiously
also believed in reincarnation and ahimsa
Jainism follows the path of “three jewels”
Right faith
Right knowledge
Right conduct
Teachings of Buddhism
The Growth of Buddhism
Buddhist monks closely follow the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the Middle Way
Ashvaghosa wrote Buddha Charita, or Life of the Buddha
As time passed on, Hindusim regained popularity
Buddhism became popular in other places outside of India
Sri Lanka, China, Korea, central Asia, and Japan
Buddhism spread mainly through monks who followed closely
The Beginning of Buddhism
The Birth of Buddhism
By 600s B.C., reincarnation had become a very important idea in Hinduism
A person’s soul could return in a different form- human, animal or plant
In 500s B.C., Siddhartha Gautama introduced new ideas
If people were good and pure, they could break the cycle of reincarnation
This was the foundation of Buddhism
The Birth of Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama
Born to a royal family
Raised inside the royal palace as a rich prince
At 29, he ventured out of the palace. He saw for the first time, realities of human life, sickness, old age, poverty, and death
He meditated and searched for the answers of misery, and when he did, he became the Buddha, or “Enlightened One.”
The Birth of Buddhism
Teachings of Buddhism
Enlightenment: complete understanding of truth
Buddha’s teachings consisted of Four Noble Truth
First Noble Truth
Suffering is part of human life
Second Noble TruthWanting things is the root of all suffering
Third Noble Truth
The way out of suffering is becoming wise to not want things
Fourth Noble TruthGuide to proper living called Eightfold Path
Teachings of Buddhism
Eightfold Path
encourages people to live the Middle Way
Not too much, not too little
Meditation
Buddhism is different from Hinduism in that:
Doesn’t worship one or many gods
Open to people of all castes
No priests & holy language
Teachings of Buddhism
Buddhism accepted many Hindu ideas-
Reincarnation
Ahimsa, “nonviolence”
Led to vegetarianism
Jainism
Religion began by Vardhamana Mahavira
gave up all he owned to live religiously
also believed in reincarnation and ahimsa
Jainism follows the path of “three jewels”
Right faith
Right knowledge
Right conduct
Teachings of Buddhism
The Growth of Buddhism
Buddhist monks closely follow the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the Middle Way
Ashvaghosa wrote Buddha Charita, or Life of the Buddha
As time passed on, Hindusim regained popularity
Buddhism became popular in other places outside of India
Sri Lanka, China, Korea, central Asia, and Japan
Buddhism spread mainly through monks who followed closely
Friday, August 10, 2012
Science3.3
The gas giants have very deep atmospheres
The gas giants – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune – are made mainly of hydrogen, helium, and other gases.
The giants planet are so large and have such large amounts of these gases that they have a lot of mass. The huge gravitational force from such a large mass is enough to pull the gas particles close together and make the atmosphere very dense.
At first, the atmosphere of a giant planet is thin and cold with haze of gases. A little lower is a layer of clouds that reflect sunlight which causes strong winds and other weather patterns.
Lower down, it is warmer and there are layers of clouds of different materials. As you go farther, it becomes dense enough to call a liquid.
Scientists think that each of the four gas giants has a solid core, larger than Earth, deep in its center.
Jupiter is a world of storms and clouds.
*Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.
*It is more that 10 times larger than Earth in diameter and more than 1200 times larger in volume.
*If you could weigh the planet, all the other planets put together would weigh less than half as much as Jupiter.
*Even though it is big, Jupiter takes less than 10 hours to turn once on its axis. This fast rotation produces fast winds and stormy weather.
*Jupiter has many more bands than Earth does. Stripes of cold clouds form along the bands. The clouds look white because they are made of crystals that reflect sunlight. The lower clouds are brown or red and made of different chemicals. Sometimes there are clear patches of bluish clouds.
*long lasting storms can form between bands of winds that blow in opposite directions. Scientist are trying to find out which chemicals produce the spot’s reddish color.
Saturn has large rings
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun.
It is only a little smaller than Jupiter, but its mass is less than one-third that of Jupiter. As a result, Saturn has a much lower density than Jupiter.
Saturn was the first planet known to have rings. A planetary ring is a wide, flat zone of small particles that orbit a planet. Saturn’s rings are made of chunks of water ice. Saturn’s rings have bright and dark stripes that change over time.
Just like Earth, Saturn ‘s axis is tilted and you can look at Saturn’s rings to tell the seasons. A typical season will last more than seven Earth year.
Saturn is almost ten times farther from the Sun than Earth is, so it takes almost 30 Earth years to go around the Sun once.
Uranus and Neptune are extremely cold.
Uranus and Neptune are only about 15 percent hydrogen and helium. Most of the mass of each planet is made up of heavier gases, such as methane, ammonia, and water. So, Uranus and Neptune are more dense than Jupiter.
Uranus looks blue-green, and Neptune appears deep blue. Each planet has methane gas above a layer of white clouds. Methane gas absorbs red, orange, and yellow parts of sunlight, so each planet’s bluish color comes from the remaining green, blue and violet light that passes back out of the atmosphere.
The gas giants – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune – are made mainly of hydrogen, helium, and other gases.
The giants planet are so large and have such large amounts of these gases that they have a lot of mass. The huge gravitational force from such a large mass is enough to pull the gas particles close together and make the atmosphere very dense.
At first, the atmosphere of a giant planet is thin and cold with haze of gases. A little lower is a layer of clouds that reflect sunlight which causes strong winds and other weather patterns.
Lower down, it is warmer and there are layers of clouds of different materials. As you go farther, it becomes dense enough to call a liquid.
Scientists think that each of the four gas giants has a solid core, larger than Earth, deep in its center.
Jupiter is a world of storms and clouds.
*Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.
*It is more that 10 times larger than Earth in diameter and more than 1200 times larger in volume.
*If you could weigh the planet, all the other planets put together would weigh less than half as much as Jupiter.
*Even though it is big, Jupiter takes less than 10 hours to turn once on its axis. This fast rotation produces fast winds and stormy weather.
*Jupiter has many more bands than Earth does. Stripes of cold clouds form along the bands. The clouds look white because they are made of crystals that reflect sunlight. The lower clouds are brown or red and made of different chemicals. Sometimes there are clear patches of bluish clouds.
*long lasting storms can form between bands of winds that blow in opposite directions. Scientist are trying to find out which chemicals produce the spot’s reddish color.
Saturn has large rings
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun.
It is only a little smaller than Jupiter, but its mass is less than one-third that of Jupiter. As a result, Saturn has a much lower density than Jupiter.
Saturn was the first planet known to have rings. A planetary ring is a wide, flat zone of small particles that orbit a planet. Saturn’s rings are made of chunks of water ice. Saturn’s rings have bright and dark stripes that change over time.
Just like Earth, Saturn ‘s axis is tilted and you can look at Saturn’s rings to tell the seasons. A typical season will last more than seven Earth year.
Saturn is almost ten times farther from the Sun than Earth is, so it takes almost 30 Earth years to go around the Sun once.
Uranus and Neptune are extremely cold.
Uranus and Neptune are only about 15 percent hydrogen and helium. Most of the mass of each planet is made up of heavier gases, such as methane, ammonia, and water. So, Uranus and Neptune are more dense than Jupiter.
Uranus looks blue-green, and Neptune appears deep blue. Each planet has methane gas above a layer of white clouds. Methane gas absorbs red, orange, and yellow parts of sunlight, so each planet’s bluish color comes from the remaining green, blue and violet light that passes back out of the atmosphere.
Thursday, August 9, 2012
Science 3.1
Planets have different sizes and distances
You may have seen planet Venus, Mars, Jupiter, or Saturn but it is difficult to see Mercury, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Some planets can be seen because they reflect sunlight.
Distances
Astronomers use astronomical unit, or AU, to measure the average distance of Earth from the Sun. An AU is about 150million kilometers.
Mercury is less than 0.5 AU from the Sun
Jupiter is about 5 AU from the Sun
Pluto gets nearly 50AU from the Sun at times.
The planets are spaced unevenly. They move around the Sun and the first four planets that are close to the Sun define a region called the inner solar system.
The solar system formed from a swirling cloud of gas and dust.
The planets all orbit the Sun counterclockwise and most of them rotate on their axes in this direction.
According to the best scientific model, the solar system formed out of a huge cloud of different gases and specks of dust.
The most of the mass fell to the center and became the Sun.
At the same time, tiny bits of dust and frozen gases in the disk stuck together into clumps and large clumps became planets.
Some of the objects close to the Sun are like rocks or mountains in space and are called asteroids. Other objects, farther from the Sun, are more like enormous snowballs or icebergs. (comets)
depending of its shape, you can understand the size of an object in space.
* Lumpy objects->smaller than round objects
The gravity of each part affects every other part. The pieces pull each other closer and when an object has enough mass, pulling becomes strong enough to make the object round. Any parts that would stick far out are pulled in toward the center until the object becomes a sphere.
You may have seen planet Venus, Mars, Jupiter, or Saturn but it is difficult to see Mercury, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Some planets can be seen because they reflect sunlight.
Distances
Astronomers use astronomical unit, or AU, to measure the average distance of Earth from the Sun. An AU is about 150million kilometers.
Mercury is less than 0.5 AU from the Sun
Jupiter is about 5 AU from the Sun
Pluto gets nearly 50AU from the Sun at times.
The planets are spaced unevenly. They move around the Sun and the first four planets that are close to the Sun define a region called the inner solar system.
The solar system formed from a swirling cloud of gas and dust.
The planets all orbit the Sun counterclockwise and most of them rotate on their axes in this direction.
According to the best scientific model, the solar system formed out of a huge cloud of different gases and specks of dust.
The most of the mass fell to the center and became the Sun.
At the same time, tiny bits of dust and frozen gases in the disk stuck together into clumps and large clumps became planets.
Some of the objects close to the Sun are like rocks or mountains in space and are called asteroids. Other objects, farther from the Sun, are more like enormous snowballs or icebergs. (comets)
depending of its shape, you can understand the size of an object in space.
* Lumpy objects->smaller than round objects
The gravity of each part affects every other part. The pieces pull each other closer and when an object has enough mass, pulling becomes strong enough to make the object round. Any parts that would stick far out are pulled in toward the center until the object becomes a sphere.
Wednesday, August 8, 2012
SS Ch.10 Lesson 2
The Aryan MigrationsAryans began waves of migrations from the dry plains near the Black and Caspian Seas to the Indian subcontinent
Aryans, “noble”, traveled across Mesopotamia and Persian to reach the east.
They began settling on the Punjab Plain, which is Pakistan today
They herded and lived in family tribes ruled by warrior chiefs
By the time the migrations ended, a new civilization had developed across the Punjab and Ganges plains
The Aryans migrated to the Punjab
and Ganges Plains. Over time,
their nomadic culture became
a farming culture.
Influences on Indian Culture
The Aryans influence on India today:-Sanskrit-Vedas (knowledge): formed foundation of Indian religion
Four vedas -Vedas contains:
Hymns
Tales
Lessons
Battle songs
Influences on Indian CultureMahabharata-A poem 200,000 lines long
-Within it, the Bagavad Gita is the best-known part
Bahagad VitaDescribes discussion between god and Vedic warrior
Brahmanas“preistly books”
BrahmanismFormed by the Vedas - Ancient Indian religion
India’s Classes
Warrior chief called a raja(rajah) governed each tribe
Divided into two classes:
Nobles and commoners
A third class made up of descendents of the ancient people of India
India’s Classes by 1000BC:
Indian society included 4 main classes
Brahmans (head)Priests and scholars
Kshatriyas (arms)Rulers and warriors
Vaisyas (body and legs)Farmers, traders, and merchants
Sudras (feet)Servants and laborers
Within classes, castes existed
People from different castes had little contact with one another
People beneath the caste system were called the untouchables
Ideas of HinduismMost important Hindu gods are:
Brahma, the Creator
Vishnu, the Preserver
Shiva, the Destroyer
The Upanishads are the most ancient Hindu literature
The basic belief of Hinduism is that people and animals have a soul, or atman
Hinduism evolved from earlier religions. Hindus believe that Dharma and Karma affect how a person will be reincarnated.
Aryans, “noble”, traveled across Mesopotamia and Persian to reach the east.
They began settling on the Punjab Plain, which is Pakistan today
They herded and lived in family tribes ruled by warrior chiefs
By the time the migrations ended, a new civilization had developed across the Punjab and Ganges plains
The Aryans migrated to the Punjab
and Ganges Plains. Over time,
their nomadic culture became
a farming culture.
Influences on Indian Culture
The Aryans influence on India today:-Sanskrit-Vedas (knowledge): formed foundation of Indian religion
Four vedas -Vedas contains:
Hymns
Tales
Lessons
Battle songs
Influences on Indian CultureMahabharata-A poem 200,000 lines long
-Within it, the Bagavad Gita is the best-known part
Bahagad VitaDescribes discussion between god and Vedic warrior
Brahmanas“preistly books”
BrahmanismFormed by the Vedas - Ancient Indian religion
India’s Classes
Warrior chief called a raja(rajah) governed each tribe
Divided into two classes:
Nobles and commoners
A third class made up of descendents of the ancient people of India
India’s Classes by 1000BC:
Indian society included 4 main classes
Brahmans (head)Priests and scholars
Kshatriyas (arms)Rulers and warriors
Vaisyas (body and legs)Farmers, traders, and merchants
Sudras (feet)Servants and laborers
Within classes, castes existed
People from different castes had little contact with one another
People beneath the caste system were called the untouchables
Ideas of HinduismMost important Hindu gods are:
Brahma, the Creator
Vishnu, the Preserver
Shiva, the Destroyer
The Upanishads are the most ancient Hindu literature
The basic belief of Hinduism is that people and animals have a soul, or atman
Hinduism evolved from earlier religions. Hindus believe that Dharma and Karma affect how a person will be reincarnated.
Wednesday, August 1, 2012
SS Ch.10 Lesson 1
The Indian Subcontinent
Ancient India -> Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh
The tallest mountains in the world, The Himalayas, separate the Indian subcontinent and Asia
The northern plains
Flat, low land with fertile plains
The Deccan
High, hilly land
The Indus and Ganges River both lie in the northern plains
Carved wide river plains
Importance of Floods
Indian rivers often flooded during
summer monsoon. The floods were
harmful, but they also deposited fresh
silt on the farmlands,
creating the fertile soil.
Well-Planned Cities
The people of the Indus River Valley built farming village on large mounds of mud and stones to keep above the flood level
Three largest cities1. Harappa
2. Lothal
3. Mojenjo- Daro
Indus River Valley often called Harappan civilization
Well-Planned Cities
Each city-state had a grid divided into blocks of brick building
Each had a citadel
Inside the walls-
Government building, palaces, religious buildings, and granaries
City-states used same script, units for measuring length and weight, leading scholars to believe that they were linked in some way
Harappan Trade
Harappan civilization traded cloth, figurines, pots, jewelry, and tools for timber, grain, and metalsThey marked their goods with stone seals with writings and drawings of animals
Trade was important to Harappan cities.
Harappan goods were traded
as far away as central Asia,
Mesopotamia, and the Persian Gulf.
Mohenjo-Daro
The city was a model of thoughtful planning, which suggests that they had a strong government
35,000 people lived in Mohenjo-Daro
Wealthy people lived in multi floor brick houses
Most people lived in huts
Most homes had separate rooms for cooking, sleeping, and bathing
The best known Indus city is
Mohenjo-Daro. Mohenjo-Daro and
the Harappan civilization declined
after 1750 B.C. Possible reasons
are floods, invaders, and earthquakes.
Ancient India -> Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh
The tallest mountains in the world, The Himalayas, separate the Indian subcontinent and Asia
The northern plains
Flat, low land with fertile plains
The Deccan
High, hilly land
The Indus and Ganges River both lie in the northern plains
Carved wide river plains
Importance of Floods
Indian rivers often flooded during
summer monsoon. The floods were
harmful, but they also deposited fresh
silt on the farmlands,
creating the fertile soil.
Well-Planned Cities
The people of the Indus River Valley built farming village on large mounds of mud and stones to keep above the flood level
Three largest cities1. Harappa
2. Lothal
3. Mojenjo- Daro
Indus River Valley often called Harappan civilization
Well-Planned Cities
Each city-state had a grid divided into blocks of brick building
Each had a citadel
Inside the walls-
Government building, palaces, religious buildings, and granaries
City-states used same script, units for measuring length and weight, leading scholars to believe that they were linked in some way
Harappan Trade
Harappan civilization traded cloth, figurines, pots, jewelry, and tools for timber, grain, and metalsThey marked their goods with stone seals with writings and drawings of animals
Trade was important to Harappan cities.
Harappan goods were traded
as far away as central Asia,
Mesopotamia, and the Persian Gulf.
Mohenjo-Daro
The city was a model of thoughtful planning, which suggests that they had a strong government
35,000 people lived in Mohenjo-Daro
Wealthy people lived in multi floor brick houses
Most people lived in huts
Most homes had separate rooms for cooking, sleeping, and bathing
The best known Indus city is
Mohenjo-Daro. Mohenjo-Daro and
the Harappan civilization declined
after 1750 B.C. Possible reasons
are floods, invaders, and earthquakes.
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