S.S. Ch.4 Lesson 3

Civil war- war between two groups in the same place
Famine- food shortages
Cost-benefit analysis- to determine whether the economic benefit of doing something is worth the risk

The Middle Kingdom began with the reuniting of Egypt after a civil war and was a time of stability and growth.
 -At the end of the Old Kingdom, around 2181 B.C., difficulty struck the Egyptians
¬ Wars
¬ Famines
¬ Division of Egypt

¬ Dynasty 12 is considered the high point of the Middle Kingdom
¬ Dynasty 12 began when vizier Amenemhet from Lower Egypt became king
¬ Amenemhet and rulers following him conquered all of northern Nubia

 What did Amenemhet do?
¬ Set up chains of forts
¬ Built Walls of Prince, a series of forts
¬ Undertook massive building projects
¬ Built more irrigation canals
¬ Built more temples and pyramids to honor the dead
¬ Built the Labyrinth

 Other advances in art and literature were made in the Middle Kingdom
¬ Wall-painting
¬ Jewelry making
¬ Literature about religion and everyday life

Trade
 Egypt had plenty of grains, minerals, and semi precious stones to trade but lacked wood and copper
 Syria
¬ Brought silver
 Sinai Peninsula
¬ Brought copper and turquoise
 Lebanon
¬ Brought cedar and pinewood
 Southern Nubia
¬ Gold, ebony(dark wood), ivory, and incense
 Dangers of trade along land routes
¬ Traveled 10 miles a day along desert
¬ Traders faced robbers and sandstorms
 Dangers of trade along sea routes
¬ Traveled faster imposed dangers of pirates
¬ Strong waves and rough winds were dangerous
 Overcoming dangers brought wealth
 In the end, trade was necessary because Egypt lacked some resources

A Time of Invasion
After Dynasty 12,
Egypt faced attacks from invaders.
In time, people from southwestern Asia
called the Hyksos conquered
Lower Egypt, bringing the
Middle Kingdom to an end.

 Things began to fall apart after Dynasty 12.
¬ The government was weak
¬ Dynasty 13 had as many as 70 rulers
 Hyksos(rulers of foreign lands), from southwestern Asia crossed over to Egypt
 Hyksos tore Egypt apart
 The Hyksos had superior military technology
¬ Horse-drawn chariots
¬ Body armor
¬ Stronger bow
 The Hyksos conquered Lower Egypt and ruled for about 100 years establishing Dynasty 15
 Only Egyptian rulers remained power in Upper Egypt
 The Hyksos brought cultural exchanges to Egypt
¬ Superior weapons
¬ Horses
¬ Upright looms
¬ Musical instruments (the lyre and the lute)
 The Egyptians declared war regained power and drove the Hyksos back to southwestern Asia