S.S. Ch.11 Lesson 2

The Shang Dynasty
In 2000 B.C., settlements grew into powerful kingdoms
Tang the Successful brought 1,800 villages under his rule which began the Shang DynastyShang Society invented writing system, worked with bronze, had social classes and lived under a monarchy
The Shang writing system consisted of character, symbols
Oracle bones
Earliest form of writing found on bones
They were used to find out about the future

The Zhou DynastyThe Zhou dynasty was the longest-ruling dynasty
Zhou culture began in the Wei River Valley, west of the Shang kingdom.
Zhou moved east until they met
the Shang.
1122 B.C., the Zhou ruler, King Wu, won
victory over the Shang.

The Zhou believed that Tian gave certain people an order, known as the Mandate of Heaven
Zhou kings thought that they would be able to keep the mandate as long as they continued to show virtue, or good qualities.

social structure with three classes1. king and his family
2. noble families
3. peasant families

system of exchanging land for loyalty is known as feudalism.

Decline of the ZhouIn about 771 B.C., the enemies attacked the Zhou capital of Hao .
enemies killed the Zhou king and took control of the whole Wei River Valley.
As a result, the Zhou moved their capital city east to the North China Plain.
The Zhou Dynasty weakened
During the last two hundred years of the dynasty, the fighting grew worse
Warring Kingdoms Period or the Warring States Period.

the kingdom of Chu (JOO) had replaced feudalism with a new kind of government.
divided their kingdom into counties

In 535 B.C., the king of Zheng (JUHNG), a kingdom in the North China Plain, ordered that written laws be created to make sure people could tell right from wrong.

The ideas of confuciusConfucius meant “Great Master Kong.”
spent his life thinking about how to return goodness and order to China.
His sayings often told of the importance of good behavior, kindness, tradition, respect for elders, and education.

Confucius thought that people should use filial piety as a model for showing honor and respect for their rulers

He thought of these duties in terms of five relationships—
parent to child, ruler to subject, older brother to younger brother, husband to wife, and friend to friend.

Science 4.2

Stars differ in size, brightness, and temperature
Star’s Brightness : amount of light a star gives off + distance from the Earth
What unit do we use to measure distance between stars?
: light year (distance light travels in one year, approx 9.5 trill km)
How do we measure distance?
by using parallax: the apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from
different locations

To measure the parallax of a star,
astronomers plot the star’s position in the
sky from opposite sides of Earth’s orbit
around the Sun.

Size
White dwarfs <> differences in color
* Sun = a yellow, G-class star

Stars have Life Cycles
Stars are not permanent -> go through life cycles of birth, maturity, and death

Birth
stars form from a nebula (cloud of gas + dust)
-> gravity pulls gas & dust closer together =contracts
-> forms hot, dense sphere
Maturity
sphere becomes a star if center is hot enough for fusion to occur
Death
its matter does not disappear
i) some of it may form a nebula or.. ii) move into existing nebula -> may become part of new star

Stages in the Life Cycles of Stars difference in mass = difference in life cyclemain sequence: the stage in which stars produce energy through the fusion of
hydrogen into helium

Neutron Star
def: extremely dense core left behind in a supernova
-mass 1~3x’s bigger than the Sun
-some emit beams of radio waves as they spin called pulsars (they seem to
pulse as the beams rotate)

Black Hole
-core more than 3x’s bigger than the Sun
-> core collapses -> form invisible object called a “black hole”
-gravity of a black hole is so strong that no form of radiation can escape

Star Systems
- most stars do not exist alone, held together by gravity
ex) binary star system (2), multiple star system (>2)

important source of info about star masses
-> astronomers cannot measure mass directly
they use the gravity in star systems to calculate star mass

Space Science 4.1

The Sun produces energy from hydrogen.The Sunonly star in our solar system
far larger than any of the planets
(contains 99.9% of the mass of the entire solar system)
consists mostly of hydrogen gas -> produces ENERGY
How? hydrogen in the Sun’s interior turns into helium
source of light and warmth making life possible on Earth
Energy flows through the Sun’s layers.
The Sun’s Interior
-cooler, less dense as you move away from the center

Core - Sun’s center : very dense + very hot (15 mill °C) -> extreme condition
- hydrogen particles collide and combine to form helium
in a process called : fusion
- fusion releases energy through radiation

Radiative Zone – energy moves from core by radiation through this thick layer
(fusion does not occur, conditions are not as extreme)

Convection Zone – energy moves mainly by convection: transfer of energy from
place to place by the motion of heated gas or liquid

**Energy moves by radiation + convection**
The Sun’s Atmosphere-less dense, hotter as you move outward
Photosphere
- visible layer of the Sun = Sun’s surface
- convection currents beneath causes bumpy texture
Chromosphere- thin middle layer, pinkish light
Corona- Sun’s outermost layer
- varies in shape, extends outward several million km
-chromosphere/corona (hotter) > photosphere
->low densities -> only visible during total eclipse of Sun
(when the Moon blocks the much brighter photosphere)
Features on the Sun
Near the Sun’s surface there are regions of magnetic force called magnetic fields. These magnetic fields get twisted into different positions as the Sun rotates. Features on the Sun appear in areas where a magnetic field is strong creating…….

Sunspots Flares Prominences

Features on the SunSunspots-spots on the photosphere, cooler, seems dim because the
rest of the photosphere is so much brighter
-realized that the Sun rotates
(some parts rotate faster because the Sun is not solid)
Flares-eruption of hot gas from Sun’s surface
-occur near sunspots
Prominences-huge loops of glowing gas that extend the corona connecting two sunspots


Solar Winddef: electrically charged particles that flow out in all directions from the corona

Most solar winds flowing toward Earth is protected by Earth’s magnetic field.
However……
When solar-wind particles enter the upper atmosphere, they release energy,
and produce beautiful patterns of glowing light in the sky called auroras.



Magnetic StormsDuring peaks of sunspot cycle, flares, and other solar activity,
strong bursts of charged particles are released into the solar wind
called magnetic storms.
-can cause power surges
-interfere with radio communication
-destroy orbiting satellite
-poses danger to astronauts
during space flights

S.S. Ch.11 Lesson 1

Mighty RiversChina’s rivers, the Huang He in the north and the Chang Jiang in the south,
helped develop civilizations
Yellow silt called loess give the Huang He it’s color and name, “Yellow River”
Chang Jiang, “Long River”, is also known as the Yangtze
Both of these rivers provide fertile lands for farming and also cause flooding
China can be divided into three different steps:
1. Western China is the highest
Himalayas and Plateau of f Tibet
Farther up, there are steppes (tall mountains, dry, treeless grasslands)
2. Central China is the middle step
Mountains and desert (Gobi desert)
3. Eastern China is the bottom step.

Varied climateNorthern part- cold, dry winter
Southern part- warm, rainy summers
As you travel from western China to eastern China, the climate gets wetter
Mountains, Plateaus, Deserts, and Plains

natural barriers made travel to and from China difficult
Mountains, rivers, and seas
Gobi and the Himalayas
Spread of ideas and goods were difficult
Because China was so big, they called it Tian Xia, “All Under Heaven”
Geography made ruling and governing difficult

A World Apart
Due to the size of China, each region had their own dialect but still shared same heritage
Legends or stories passed down

Pan Gu, the creator slept in an egg
When he came out, the upper halg became the heavens and the bottom
half of the shell became earth

The early Chinese believed
they were the world’s
only civilization.

Legendary Rulers

Shen Nong
Brought agriculture
Studied poisonous and medicinal herbs
Huang DiOrdered the creation of Chinese writing
Created carts, bows, houses, and arrows
Xilingshi
Huang Di’s wife
Invented silk
Yu the Great and the Great Flood
A flood endangered the people and to save the people, Yu the Great dug canals and controlled the floods for 13 years

Xia DynastyBegun by Yu’s son

Legends tell us what the people did, how they lived, and what they believed.

Science 3.4

S.S. Ch.10 Lesson 4

The Struggle for United Rule
Ancient India was divided into many city-states with its each own ruler.
Kings fought one another to rule the Ganges River
Controlling the Ganges River meant controlling trade
No one ruler had united ancient India because of its geography
Peninsula and mountain ranges
The Struggle for United Rule
In 518 B.C., King Darius of Persian Empire led his army to India in search of new territory and plunder
They claimed lands in the Indus River Valley and western Punjab
In 327 B.C., Alexander led his troops into India but failed to conquer all of India
Chandragupta Maurya was an Indian ruler who defeated the Greeks and founded the Maurya Empire
He united the lands he conquered under his rule.
The Struggle for United Rule

The Maurya EmpireChandragupta Maurya formed a well organized empire
Cleared lands
Drained swamps
Improved roads
He funded all these activities by taxes
Ruling people lived well but common people suffered
He was a cruel ruler, who used Arthashastra as a guide

Chandragupta was hated by his people but expanded India across northern India
Fear of assassination, he slept in different rooms and had servants taste his food for poison
Chandragupta’s son, Bindusara, took over in 297 B.C.
He was also a cruel leader like his father
However, Ashoka (asoka), was one of the greatest rulers in ancient India

Reign of Ashoka
Ashoka united and extended the Maurya Empire into Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan
He was a cruel and violent ruler who experienced a turning point in life which turned him into a peaceful and loving Buddhist
He made many political and moral achievements
Established Buddhism as state religion
Sent out missionaries to spread Buddhism

Edicts- commands

Reign of Ashoka
Ashoka expanded the Empire. At first,
he was a cruel ruler. After, he became a
Buddhist, however, his reign became
noted for his political and moral
achievements.


Ancient India became a land of small kingdoms
In A.D. 320, the Gupta Empire began to rise
Rulers: Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Changdragupta II
They were not related to Changdragupta of the Maurya Empire
The period of the Gupta Empire has become to be known as India’s Golden Age
It was a time of peace, wealth, and great achievementIndia’s Golden AgeHinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism grew
Kalidasa
Best-known poet and plawright who wrote about love, war, and kings
Panchatantra(folktales)
Many artists worked on frescoes
Ajanta cave
Ancient temple in India that describes Buddha’s life

India’s Golden Age
In about A.D. 320, the Gupta Empire
began. India’s Golden Age of wealth
and cultural achievement occurred
during this time.
Indian Intellectual Achievements
Indian mathematics first used a base-ten number system called the Hindu-Arabic numerals
Doctors…
Developed ways of setting broken bones
Inoculations
Helped woman give birth

SS Ch.10 Lesson 3

Chapter 10 Lesson 3
The Beginning of Buddhism

The Birth of Buddhism
By 600s B.C., reincarnation had become a very important idea in Hinduism
A person’s soul could return in a different form- human, animal or plant

In 500s B.C., Siddhartha Gautama introduced new ideas
If people were good and pure, they could break the cycle of reincarnation
This was the foundation of Buddhism
The Birth of Buddhism

Siddhartha Gautama
Born to a royal family
Raised inside the royal palace as a rich prince
At 29, he ventured out of the palace. He saw for the first time, realities of human life, sickness, old age, poverty, and death
He meditated and searched for the answers of misery, and when he did, he became the Buddha, or “Enlightened One.”
The Birth of Buddhism


Teachings of Buddhism
Enlightenment: complete understanding of truth
Buddha’s teachings consisted of Four Noble Truth

First Noble Truth
Suffering is part of human life
Second Noble TruthWanting things is the root of all suffering
Third Noble Truth
The way out of suffering is becoming wise to not want things
Fourth Noble TruthGuide to proper living called Eightfold Path

Teachings of Buddhism
Eightfold Path
encourages people to live the Middle Way
Not too much, not too little
Meditation
Buddhism is different from Hinduism in that:
Doesn’t worship one or many gods
Open to people of all castes
No priests & holy language

Teachings of Buddhism
Buddhism accepted many Hindu ideas-
Reincarnation
Ahimsa, “nonviolence”
Led to vegetarianism

Jainism
Religion began by Vardhamana Mahavira
gave up all he owned to live religiously
also believed in reincarnation and ahimsa

Jainism follows the path of “three jewels”
Right faith
Right knowledge
Right conduct
Teachings of Buddhism

The Growth of Buddhism
Buddhist monks closely follow the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the Middle Way
Ashvaghosa wrote Buddha Charita, or Life of the Buddha
As time passed on, Hindusim regained popularity
Buddhism became popular in other places outside of India
Sri Lanka, China, Korea, central Asia, and Japan
Buddhism spread mainly through monks who followed closely

Science3.3

The gas giants have very deep atmospheres

The gas giants – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune – are made mainly of hydrogen, helium, and other gases.

The giants planet are so large and have such large amounts of these gases that they have a lot of mass. The huge gravitational force from such a large mass is enough to pull the gas particles close together and make the atmosphere very dense.

At first, the atmosphere of a giant planet is thin and cold with haze of gases. A little lower is a layer of clouds that reflect sunlight which causes strong winds and other weather patterns.
Lower down, it is warmer and there are layers of clouds of different materials. As you go farther, it becomes dense enough to call a liquid.
Scientists think that each of the four gas giants has a solid core, larger than Earth, deep in its center.


Jupiter is a world of storms and clouds.
*Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.
*It is more that 10 times larger than Earth in diameter and more than 1200 times larger in volume.
*If you could weigh the planet, all the other planets put together would weigh less than half as much as Jupiter.
*Even though it is big, Jupiter takes less than 10 hours to turn once on its axis. This fast rotation produces fast winds and stormy weather.
*Jupiter has many more bands than Earth does. Stripes of cold clouds form along the bands. The clouds look white because they are made of crystals that reflect sunlight. The lower clouds are brown or red and made of different chemicals. Sometimes there are clear patches of bluish clouds.
*long lasting storms can form between bands of winds that blow in opposite directions. Scientist are trying to find out which chemicals produce the spot’s reddish color.


Saturn has large rings
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun.
It is only a little smaller than Jupiter, but its mass is less than one-third that of Jupiter. As a result, Saturn has a much lower density than Jupiter.

Saturn was the first planet known to have rings. A planetary ring is a wide, flat zone of small particles that orbit a planet. Saturn’s rings are made of chunks of water ice. Saturn’s rings have bright and dark stripes that change over time.

Just like Earth, Saturn ‘s axis is tilted and you can look at Saturn’s rings to tell the seasons. A typical season will last more than seven Earth year.

Saturn is almost ten times farther from the Sun than Earth is, so it takes almost 30 Earth years to go around the Sun once.
Uranus and Neptune are extremely cold.
Uranus and Neptune are only about 15 percent hydrogen and helium. Most of the mass of each planet is made up of heavier gases, such as methane, ammonia, and water. So, Uranus and Neptune are more dense than Jupiter.

Uranus looks blue-green, and Neptune appears deep blue. Each planet has methane gas above a layer of white clouds. Methane gas absorbs red, orange, and yellow parts of sunlight, so each planet’s bluish color comes from the remaining green, blue and violet light that passes back out of the atmosphere.

Science 3.1

Planets have different sizes and distances

You may have seen planet Venus, Mars, Jupiter, or Saturn but it is difficult to see Mercury, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Some planets can be seen because they reflect sunlight.





Distances
Astronomers use astronomical unit, or AU, to measure the average distance of Earth from the Sun. An AU is about 150million kilometers.

Mercury is less than 0.5 AU from the Sun
Jupiter is about 5 AU from the Sun
Pluto gets nearly 50AU from the Sun at times.

The planets are spaced unevenly. They move around the Sun and the first four planets that are close to the Sun define a region called the inner solar system.





The solar system formed from a swirling cloud of gas and dust.
The planets all orbit the Sun counterclockwise and most of them rotate on their axes in this direction.
According to the best scientific model, the solar system formed out of a huge cloud of different gases and specks of dust.

The most of the mass fell to the center and became the Sun.
At the same time, tiny bits of dust and frozen gases in the disk stuck together into clumps and large clumps became planets.

Some of the objects close to the Sun are like rocks or mountains in space and are called asteroids. Other objects, farther from the Sun, are more like enormous snowballs or icebergs. (comets)



depending of its shape, you can understand the size of an object in space.

* Lumpy objects->smaller than round objects


The gravity of each part affects every other part. The pieces pull each other closer and when an object has enough mass, pulling becomes strong enough to make the object round. Any parts that would stick far out are pulled in toward the center until the object becomes a sphere.

SS Ch.10 Lesson 2

The Aryan MigrationsAryans began waves of migrations from the dry plains near the Black and Caspian Seas to the Indian subcontinent
Aryans, “noble”, traveled across Mesopotamia and Persian to reach the east.
They began settling on the Punjab Plain, which is Pakistan today
They herded and lived in family tribes ruled by warrior chiefs
By the time the migrations ended, a new civilization had developed across the Punjab and Ganges plains


The Aryans migrated to the Punjab
and Ganges Plains. Over time,
their nomadic culture became
a farming culture.

Influences on Indian Culture
The Aryans influence on India today:-Sanskrit-Vedas (knowledge): formed foundation of Indian religion

Four vedas -Vedas contains:
Hymns
Tales
Lessons
Battle songs

Influences on Indian CultureMahabharata-A poem 200,000 lines long
-Within it, the Bagavad Gita is the best-known part

Bahagad VitaDescribes discussion between god and Vedic warrior

Brahmanas“preistly books”

BrahmanismFormed by the Vedas - Ancient Indian religion


India’s Classes
Warrior chief called a raja(rajah) governed each tribe

Divided into two classes:
Nobles and commoners
A third class made up of descendents of the ancient people of India

India’s Classes by 1000BC:
Indian society included 4 main classes
Brahmans (head)Priests and scholars
Kshatriyas (arms)Rulers and warriors
Vaisyas (body and legs)Farmers, traders, and merchants
Sudras (feet)Servants and laborers

Within classes, castes existed
People from different castes had little contact with one another
People beneath the caste system were called the untouchables


Ideas of HinduismMost important Hindu gods are:
Brahma, the Creator
Vishnu, the Preserver
Shiva, the Destroyer
The Upanishads are the most ancient Hindu literature
The basic belief of Hinduism is that people and animals have a soul, or atman

Hinduism evolved from earlier religions. Hindus believe that Dharma and Karma affect how a person will be reincarnated.